Difference between revisions of "Apple Watch"

Revision as of 01:43, 9 February 2022

An Apple Watch is a wearable computer that users can wear around their wrists and allows users to perform a variety of tasks. In order to function, the watch needs to be paired with an iPhone 5 or later model. ^[1]. Unlike historically used wristwatches, the Apple Watch allows users to virtually customize their watch face. This allows users to change the color and design of their watch to match the aesthetics of their look. Further, the Apple Watch allows users to leverage stopwatches, timers, and alarms through tapping on the screen, or utilizing voice commands.

Apple Watch Features

The Apple Watch offers a variety of features that allows the users to engage with the watch in their everyday lives.

Communication features

The Apple Watch allows users to see who is calling or texting them at any given time, given that the watch is properly connected to wifi, their nearby iPhone, or is equipped with GPS capabilities. If the Apple Watch model is equipped with GPS capabilities, and the watch has been connected to a wireless plan with a phone provider, the Apple Watch does not need to be near ones phone in order to send and receive calls and text messages. If an apple watch does not have cellular connectivity, the watch will use bluetooth technology to connect to your nearby iPhone (up to 12 feet away) or through wifi. The "walkie-talkie" feature allows users to connect with other Apple Watch users; however, both Apple Watch users need to have a watchOS 5 operating system or later. [1] In order to use the Walkie-Talkie features, users must send and accept friend invitations through the "Walkie-Talkie app," and then use the touch and hold button to speak directly to other users like a traditional "Walkie-Talkie."

Fitness Tracking

The Apple watch offers fitness tracking in the form of Activity Rings which is broken down into three colored rings. The first is the red Move ring which allows users to track how many calories they have burned by moving throughout a 24 hour period. The second is the green Exercise ring that allows users to track the minutes of brisk activity they have completed that day. Finally, the blueStand ring allows users to track how many hours they have stood in a 24 hour period. ^[2] The user can define their activity goals for each type of ring, and the ring visually closes once the user achieves that goal.

The visualization shown above demonstrates the different types of rings, as well as the users progress in completing the goals associated with each ring.

History

The Apple Watch was first released in 2015, with three distinct models; however, the genesis of the Apple Watch reportedly started with Jony Ive, Apple's chief designer, in 2011. ^[3]. Since 2015, Apple has released multiple other models which provide different features to the user including Apple Watch Series 1, Apple Watch Series 2, Apple Watch Series 3, Apple Watch Series 4, Apple Watch Series 5, Apple Watch SE, Apple Watch Series 6, and Apple Watch Series 7.

Apple Watch Series 1

A Series 1 Apple Watch offers a variety of features to its user including: - 38mm or 42mm case - Retina OLED display - Ion-X glass display - S1P with dual-core processor - Digital Crown - Optical heart sensor - High and low heart rate notifications and irregular heart rhythm notification3 - Splash resistance - Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 4.0 - Built-in speaker and mic - 8GB capacity

Apple Watch Series 2

A Series 2 Apple Watch offers the following features: - 38mm or 42mm case - Second-generation Retina OLED display - Ion-X glass display on aluminum cases; sapphire crystal display on stainless steel and ceramic cases - GPS model - S2 with dual-core processor - Digital Crown - Optical heart sensor - High and low heart rate notifications and irregular heart rhythm notification3 - Water resistant 50 meters - Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 4.0 - GPS/GNSS - Built-in speaker and mic - 8GB capacity

Apple Watch Series 3

[2] Highlights: This Apple Watch was the first to offer either GPS chip or a GPS / cellular option. [3] - 38mm or 42mm case - Second-generation Retina OLED display, 1000 nits - Ion-X glass display on aluminum cases; sapphire crystal display on stainless steel and ceramic cases - GPS model - S3 SiP with dual-core processor; W2 wireless chip - Digital Crown - Optical heart sensor - High and low heart rate notifications and irregular heart rhythm notification3 - Emergency SOS - Water resistant 50 meters1 - Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 4.2 - GPS/GNSS and barometric altimeter - Built-in speaker and mic - 8GB capacity

Apple Watch Series 4

Highlights: This series offers a slightly larger screen compared to previous series, and offers additional features to the user including ECG (electrocardiogram) and fall detection. [4] [5] - 40mm or 44mm case; over 30 percent larger display20 - Retina LTPO OLED display, 1000 nits - Ion-X glass display on aluminum cases; sapphire crystal display on stainless steel cases - GPS and GPS + Cellular models - S4 SiP with 64-bit dual-core processor; W3 wireless chip - Digital Crown with haptic feedback - Electrical heart sensor and second-generation optical heart sensor - High and low heart rate notifications, irregular heart rhythm notification, and ECG app3 - Emergency SOS4 and fall detection - Water resistant 50 meters1 - LTE and UMTS,6 Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth 5.0 - GPS/GNSS and barometric altimeter - 50 percent louder speaker20; built-in mic - 16GB capacity

Apple Watch Series 5

[6] - 40mm or 44mm case; over 30 percent larger display20 - Always-On Retina LTPO OLED display, 1000 nits - Ion-X glass display on aluminum cases; sapphire crystal display on stainless steel, titanium, and ceramic cases - GPS and GPS + Cellular models - S5 SiP with 64-bit dual-core processor; W3 wireless chip - Digital Crown with haptic feedback - Electrical heart sensor and second-generation optical heart sensor - High and low heart rate notifications, irregular heart rhythm notification, and ECG app3 - International emergency calling,5 Emergency SOS,4 and fall detection - Water resistant 50 meters1 - LTE and UMTS,6 Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth 5.0 - GPS/GNSS, compass, and barometric altimeter - 50 percent louder speaker20; built-in mic - 32GB capacity

Apple Watch SE

- 40mm or 44mm case; over 30 percent larger display20 - Retina LTPO OLED display, 1000 nits - Ion-X glass display - GPS and GPS + Cellular models - S5 SiP with 64-bit dual-core processor; W3 wireless chip - Digital Crown with haptic feedback - Second-generation optical heart sensor - High and low heart rate notifications and irregular heart rhythm notification3 - International emergency calling,5 Emergency SOS,4 and fall detection - Water resistant 50 meters1 - LTE and UMTS,6 Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth 5.0 - GPS/GNSS, compass, and always-on altimeter - 50 percent louder speaker20; built-in mic -32GB capacity

Apple Watch 6

- 40mm or 44mm case; over 30 percent larger display20 - Always-On Retina LTPO OLED display, 1000 nits - Ion-X glass display on aluminum cases; sapphire crystal display on stainless steel and titanium cases - GPS and GPS + Cellular models - S6 SiP with 64-bit dual-core processor; W3 wireless chip; U1 chip (Ultra Wideband)14 - Digital Crown with haptic feedback - Blood oxygen sensor; electrical heart sensor and third-generation optical heart sensor - High and low heart rate notifications, irregular heart rhythm notification, and ECG app3 - International emergency calling,5 Emergency SOS,4 and fall detection - Water resistant 50 meters1 - LTE and UMTS,6 Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth 5.0 - GPS/GNSS, compass, and always-on altimeter - 50 percent louder speaker20; built-in mic - 32GB capacity

Apple Watch 7

- 41mm or 45mm case; over 50 percent more screen area20 - Always-On Retina LTPO OLED display, 1000 nits - Ion-X glass display on aluminum cases; sapphire crystal display on stainless steel and titanium cases - GPS and GPS + Cellular models - S7 SiP with 64-bit dual-core processor; W3 wireless chip; U1 chip (Ultra Wideband)14 - Digital Crown with haptic feedback - Blood oxygen sensor; electrical heart sensor and third-generation optical heart sensor - High and low heart rate notifications, irregular heart rhythm notification, and ECG app3 - International emergency calling,5 Emergency SOS,4 and fall detection - Water resistant 50 meters1 - Dustproof (IP6X) - Most crack-resistant front crystal - LTE and UMTS,6 Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth 5.0 - GPS/GNSS, compass, and always-on altimeter - 50 percent louder speaker20; built-in mic - 32GB capacity - Faster charge time

Additional Collaborations

Apple partnered with Nike+ to produce an apple watch for those who are passionate about fitness and the Nike brand. This watch was designed to synchronize with the "Nike Run Club" and "Nike Training Club" apps. Apple partnered with Hermès as well, to create an Apple Watch that emphasized bold, colorful leather bands and exclusive new watch faces for users. [7]

Ethical Considerations

Data Privacy

Data privacy is defined as one's control over access to their own personal information.

Health Related Data

Smartwatches, such as the Apple Watch are equipped with features that allow the user to track health related data. In the medical field, the principle of non maleficence requires that medical actions are weighed against risks, benefits, and consequences. [8]. Researchers have argued that the accessibility of a user's own health data has been problematic as it violences the principle of non-maleficence.
For example, ECG monitoring on Apple watches which allows users to screen for atrial fibrillation, with the intent of early detection. Early detection of this arrhythmia can prevent adverse events such as stroke, by treating with anticoagulants. Although Apple smartwatch has an algorithm with a very high specificity, many people have still been notified of arrhythmia without having atrial fibrillation, leading to a false positive result. If the patient is aware of the potential benefits, the risks and the possible consequences of atrial fibrillation detection, the diagnostic can be done on the user's risk. However, the smartwatches analyzed do not provide any information comparable to traditional medical education, leading the patient to not be well-informed. Further, researchers argue that patients could overestimate the accuracy of the diagnostic capabilities of the watch and the over reliance on home monitoring of atrial fibrillation could lead to fewer face-to-face doctor visits. Researchers conclude that the over-reliance on smartwatches and the lower number of face-to-face doctor visits lead to a violation of the principle of non-maleficence. [9].

Internet of Things

The internet of Things (IoT) covers objects and devices used by a user that are connected to the internet. Connected Devices have the ability to collect sensitive information on users and their daily activity. [10] The Internet of Thing enhances human comfort and convenience, it has raised questions amongst academics about security and privacy.

Internet of Things & Forensics

Researchers have uncovered that since Internet of Things technology was not designed with security in mind, as it was designed to provide novel features while minimizing device cost and size, the devices have limited hardware resources. This means that security tools cannot be installed in Internet of Things devices, which makes it an easy target for cyber crimes. A single Internet of Things device can compromise other connected devices, leading the collection of compromised devices to be used to attack computing assets and services. This means that criminals can leverage the power of Internet of Things technology can be used to hack connected devices, such as pacemakers. At the same time, Internet of Things devices can provide rich information to help collect data on crimes, from a forensic perspective. [11]

Hardware Capabilities

The hardware installed on the Apple Watch, has a accelerometer, gyroscope, pedometer, optical heart rate sensor, and force-touch haptic feedback. This gives it the ability to detect information on when the user touches the watch display, detects their steps, heart rate, and hours of sleep. The watch also has a multidirectional microphone that allows it to listen and process multiple conversations around and involving the user. [12]

See also

References

1. ↑ https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/Apple-Watch
2. ↑ https://learning-oreilly-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/library/view/apple-watch-for/9781119658665/c08.xhtml#h2-6
3. ↑ https://appleinsider.com/inside/apple-watch

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