Twitter changes under Elon Musk

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Elon Musk's Twitter bio was changed to read "Chief Twit" the day after he acquired Twitter. [1]

Twitter changes under Elon Musk is the summary of changes made to Twitter, Inc., a well-known social media company, and its user interface (UI) after billionaire Elon Musk purchased it October 27, 2022. Twitter is a social media platform that allows users to send and receive short messages called "tweets." It was launched in 2006 and has since become one of the most popular social networks in the world, with over 368 million monthly active users. [2] Twitter allows users to share text, images, and videos, and also supports livestreaming. The tweets are short and limited to 280 characters, which makes it easy for users to consume and share large amounts of information quickly. [3] Since Musk acquired the company, there have been changes to leadership, company culture, and user experience. These changes have received mixed reactions from the public and sparked ongoing debate over their ethical implications.

Twitter before Musk

Twitter founders Jack Dorsey, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams alongside former CEO Dick Costolo during the company's 2013 IPO. [4]

Early Years

Twitter was founded in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams. Noah Glass is sometimes recognized as a co-founder as well. Twitter was originally created by the group to be a platform for sending short text updates to a network of contacts. [5] In 2007, Twitter received its first investment from venture capitalist firm, Union Square Ventures. [6] The following year, in 2008, the company received additional funding from other venture capital firms and angel investors, which allowed for platform expansion and the hiring of more employees. In 2009, Twitter was incorporated and moved its headquarters to San Francisco. [7] The company continued to grow and expand its user base and, in 2010, it received a significant investment from digital media company Digital Sky Technologies. [8] This investment assisted Twitter in expanding its global reach and introducing new features, including the ability to attach photos and videos to tweets. Since then, Twitter has been utilized for various purposes such as sharing news, advertising businesses, and connecting with loved ones. It has also contributed to political and social movements by enabling rapid dissemination of information to a wide audience.

Initial Public Offering

Twitter's initial public offering (IPO) took place on November 7, 2013. The company offered 70 million shares at $26 per share, which raised $1.8 billion. [9] The shares began trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the ticker symbol "TWTR." The offering was one of the most highly anticipated technology IPOs in recent years, and the stock opened 73% above the offer price. However, the stock price declined in the following months and years and did not reach the initial price again. This was due in part to challenges with maintaining growth and user engagement, leading to calls for changes in leadership. [10]

Leadership Changes

Jack Dorsey served as CEO from the company's launch until 2008. During his initial tenure, Dorsey oversaw Twitter's growth from startup to publicly traded company. [11] After stepping down, he then returned to the company as CEO in 2015 to lead its efforts in revamping its strategy and improving user engagement and revenue. [12] Dorsey placed his focus on improving user engagement and expanding the platform's capabilities. He also worked to make the platform more accessible to new users and to increase revenue through advertising and data licensing. [13]

Under Dorsey's leadership, Twitter launched new features like livestreaming, expanded its advertising capabilities, and introduced a 280 character limit to tweets. Dorsey also sought to improve the company's relationship with developers, and worked to improve the company's transparency and accountability. Despite these efforts, the company faced criticism for slow growth and its handling of harassment and misinformation issues on the platform. [14]

In 2021, it was announced that Dorsey would be stepping down as CEO of Twitter, and that Parag Agrawal would succeed him. [15] Agrawal served as CEO from November 2021 until he was fired October 27, 2022. [16]

Acquisition by Musk

A Twitter exchange between users @cb_doge and @tomcoates showcasing different initial reactions to Musk's "the bird is freed" tweet. [17]

Negotiations

Before the $44 billion acquisition on October 27, 2022, Musk initially declined an offer to join Twitter's board after accumulating a large ownership stake (comprised of 9.2% of shares totaling approximately $3 billion), but later changed his mind and made an offer to buy the company at $54.20 per share. [18] His publicly stated plans for the company included loosening its content moderation rules and open sourcing its recommendation algorithms. [19] He also planned to purge bots and scammers from the platform after growing frustrated with Twitter's leadership, accusing them of lying about bot prevalence. [20] Despite highly publicized disagreement between himself and Twitter's Board of Directors, Musk agreed to buy the company. He tweeted "the bird is freed" after finalizing the acquisition. The tweet received over 2 million likes and even more reactions. [21]

Mass Layoffs

Immediately after taking over the company, numerous top executives were fired by Musk "for cause," ensuring severance payments could not be collected and unvested stock options would remain unclaimed. [22] This included Chief Executive Parag Agrawal, who was set to received $38.7 million in severance. [23] Other notable executives fired along with Agrawal included Chief Financial Officer Ned Segal, Legal Chief Vijaya Gadde, and General Counsel Sean Edgett. Executives who resigned included Sarah Personette, Chief Customer Officer; Dalana Brand, Chief People and Diversity Officer; Leslie Berland, Chief Marketing Officer; Jay Sullivan, General Manager of Consumer and Revenue Product; Nick Caldwell, General Manager for Core Technologies; and Robert Kaiden, Chief Accounting Officer. [24]

Twitter also laid off thousands across all company departments. Notably laid off were Dublin and Singapore staff working on the global content moderation team that handled hate speech and harassment. [25] Twitter had about 7,500 workers prior to Musk’s takeover, and roughly 3,700 were laid off. [26] Employee posts stated that those due for termination had already been locked out of their company accounts hours ahead of the planned layoff notification. [27]

Some ex-employees filed a class action lawsuit alleging violation of the California Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (WARN Act). However, U.S. District Judge James Donato ruled that the claims must be pursued individually, siding in Twitter's favor. Still, there remain allegations of sex and disability discrimination, as well as claims that full severance packages were not fulfilled. The lawyer representing the class action plaintiffs stated that over 300 arbitration demands have been filed on behalf of ex-employees, with hundreds more in the works. [28]

Reactions

In April 2022, when negotiations between Musk and Twitter were originally reported, U.S. lawmakers reacted. Republicans including Texas Senator Ted Cruz, Texas Governor Greg Abbott, Tennessee Senator Marsha Blackburn, and Washington Representative Cathy McMorris Rodgers were amongst those who publicly welcomed the news. [29] Democrat Oregon Senator Ron Wyden said that the protection of Americans' privacy must be a condition of the sale and Massachusetts Democrat Senator Elizabeth Warren agreed. [30]

When Musk's purchase was finalized, there were waves of support and backlash from celebrities and millions of other individuals across the platform. #RIPTwitter began trending, and many users began to debate how Musk would interpret free speech and address the presence of hate, racist content, and misinformation. [31] NAACP President Derrick Johnson called on all advertisers to pull funding from Twitter in a statement released November 4, 2022. The statement also announced the NAACP's support for the '#STOPTOXICTWITTER Coalition,' a group made up of 60+ civil rights groups urging "advertisers to demand a safer Twitter for their brands and for users." [32] According to a report from NPR, as of November 25, 2022, nearly "half" of Twitter's top 100 advertisers had pulled their advertisements from the platform. Chevrolet, Chipotle, Ford, and Jeep were amongst these companies, all of which either issued statements about ad halting or confirmed it. [33]

Ethical Controversies

Elon Musk's tweet giving users the ability to vote on former President Trump's account reinstatement. [34]

Account Restorations

On November 18, 2022, Musk announced plans to restore several accounts of controversial figures that had previously been banned or suspended for unethical uses of the platform. A statement followed where Musk explained content moderation policies under his leadership would move to prioritize "freedom of speech, but not freedom of reach," an approach that aligns with the industry standard. [35] Accounts that contain negative or hateful content would face reduction in visibility and lose monetization opportunities, but not be immediately removed. The of Canadian podcaster Jordan Peterson and satire website Babylon Bee, both of which were previously banned, were then restored. Comedian Kathy Griffin, who was suspended for impersonating Musk, also regained access. [36]

At the time of Musk's November 18th announcement, a decision regarding the account of former President Donald Trump had not yet been made. Musk took a different approach to this decision, opening a poll titled "Reinstate former President Trump" that same evening on his personal account. Over 15 million users voted and the poll eventually closed with 51.8% voting 'Yes' and 48.2% in disagreement. [37] Trump's account was then restored after Musk tweeted "The people have spoken. Trump will be reinstated. Vox Populi, Vox Dei," which is a Latin phrase meaning "the voice of the people is the voice of God." Despite the unban, Trump posted on his Truth Social account that he would not be returning to Twitter soon. [38] Trump's last activity on the platform was January 8, 2021. His permanent ban had been issued after the January 6 United States Capitol attack. The reinstatement of the Trump Twitter account elicited contrasting reactions from both Democratic and Republican politicians. [39]

On January 25, 2023, Meta Platforms announced similar plans to unban Trump's Facebook and Instagram accounts with "new guardrails in place to deter repeat offenses." [40]

Content Moderation

In late October 2022, Musk floated the idea of a "content moderation council" on Twitter, consisting of volunteers selected by users, to help regulate the platform's content. Some Twitter users were in favor of the proposal, viewing it as a means to address the spread of hate speech and misinformation on the platform. However, others expressed skepticism about the proposal, fearing that it could result in censorship and restrict freedom of speech. One Twitter user stated, "I don't trust a handful of volunteers selected by Twitter users to fairly moderate content. That's a recipe for censorship and bias." [41] No further details or developments regarding the council have been reported, and it is unknown whether the council convened for the restoration of Donald Trump's account, amongst others.

A study conducted by Montclair State University shows that after Elon Musk's acquisition of Twitter, the use of hate speech increased on the social media platform. The study examines a range of vulgar and hostile terms for individuals based on race, religion, ethnicity, and orientation. [42] The seven-day average of Tweets using these terms prior to Musk's acquisition was never higher than 84 times per hour. However, on October 28, 2022, immediately following Musk's acquisition, the studied hate speech terms were tweeted 4,778 times in one day. The study suggests that certain users were celebrating a reduction in perceived speech constraints on the platform and the data shows a correlation between Musk's arrival and a broader perceived acceptability to hostile content posted on Twitter.

To increase content moderation transparency, Musk tweeted that there would be increased focus on moderating hateful content, and that '@TwitterSafety' would regularly announce progress. On January 11, 2023, the account posted an update that hate speech's "reach" had been significantly reduced and impressions on this content made up less than 0.01% of all English-language tweets. The "lookback period" for hateful speech was also extended from 60 to 120 days. An internal analytics chart was shared to confirm the reduction. It confirmed previously mentioned content spike in late October 2022. [43]

On February 9, 2022, Twitter submitted a report to the European Union (EU) about its measures for monitoring online posts detailing how it is addressing false or misleading information. [44] The report is part of a voluntary code of conduct signed by Twitter and other companies to address disinformation. This report was submitted after passage of the EU's Digital Services Act, which includes requirements for swift removal of illegal content and detailed reporting to regulators. [45]

Changes to User Experience

Twitter users @chamavito and @ETAThunder debating the reworked view count feature. [46]

Twitter Blue

After an initial launch to a "blue check" subscription service that resulted in impersonations across the platform, Twitter relaunched its verification system one month later on December 12, 2022. The new system offers multiple new colors of check marks and is part of Musk's efforts to grow Twitter's subscription business and increase revenue. The updated verification system is called Twitter Blue and costs $8 per month for users who subscribe via the web and $11 per month for those who subscribe on the iOS app. [47] As part of the new system, Twitter will offer gold checks for companies, gray checks for government entities and other organizations, and blue checks for individuals. It also includes other interactive features.

Controversy and debate has ensued over Twitter Blue's ability to elevate and affirm voices of any individual who pays for the service. Public outcry brought attention to the Twitter Blue verification of Taliban leaders on accounts they had claimed from former Afghan government officials. The blue checks have disappeared, but it is unclear whether the checks were directly removed by Twitter after the outcry. [48]

As of February 8, 2023, Twitter Blue has announced plans to allow 4,000-character tweets for subscribers in a package that also reduces the number of ads Blue users see by half. Blue users have also been granted the ability to upload 60-minute videos. [49]

Tweet View Counts

Twitter first tested view counts in September of 2022 on the Android version of the app. This feature aimed to show the reach and impact of tweets beyond direct interactions, but was ultimately rolled back. [50]

On December 22, 2022, Musk announced view counts would be reintroduced to show the platform is "far more alive than it would seem" given the amount of users who simply read tweets without interacting directly. [51] Users immediately voiced concerns, feeling as if their tweets were exposing the lack of quality and low interactivity with mutual followers. A reworked version was launched in January 2022. This version included view counts on the right side of the tweet, as opposed to the left, in response to user concern. [52] Some users had found the new feature valuable, while others criticized it for giving too much prominence to view counts and disrupting the balance of tweet metrics displays. [53] The updated version features both tweet views and impressions in one spot without shifting around the preexisting interface. This version remains in use as of February 2023.

References

  1. ↑ Li, K. (2022, December 21). Elon Musk's Twitter account is seen in this illustration taken October 28, 2022. Reuters/Dado Ruvic/Illustration/File Photo. Reuters. Reuters. Retrieved February 8, 2023, from https://www.reuters.com/technology/elon-musk-chief-twit-2022-12-21/.
  2. ↑ Lebow, S. (2022, December 13). Twitter to lose more than 30 million users in the next two years. Insider Intelligence. Retrieved January 24, 2023, from https://www.insiderintelligence.com/content/twitter-lose-more-than-30-million-users-next-two-years
  3. ↑ Perez, S. (2018, October 30). Twitter's doubling of character count from 140 to 280 had little impact on length of Tweets. TechCrunch. Retrieved January 24, 2023, from https://techcrunch.com/2018/10/30/twitters-doubling-of-character-count-from-140-to-280-had-little-impact-on-length-of-tweets/
  4. ↑ McDermid, B. (2013). Twitter Ceo Dick Costolo celebrates the Twitter Ipo with Twitter founders Jack Dorsey, Biz Stone and Evan Williams on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange in New York, November 7, 2013. Reuters/Brendan McDermid. Reuters. Reuters. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://s3.reutersmedia.net/resources/r/?m=02&d=20131107&t=2&i=809931241&w=780&fh=&fw=&ll=&pl=&sq=&r=2013-11-07T204510Z_07_TB3E9B719V63I_RTRRPP_0_TWITTER-IPO.
  5. ↑ Moore, C. (2021, November 30). The history of twitter: How the Social Media Platform has grown. Fox Business. Retrieved January 24, 2023, from https://www.foxbusiness.com/technology/twitter-history-social-media-growth
  6. ↑ Wilson, F. (2007, July 25). Twitter. Union Square Ventures. Retrieved January 24, 2023, from https://www.usv.com/writing/2007/07/twitter/
  7. ↑ History.com Editors. (2019, June 28). Twitter launches. History.com. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/twitter-launches
  8. ↑ Evangelista, B. (2011, December 1). Twitter gets funding from Digital Sky Technologies. SFGATE. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Twitter-gets-funding-from-Digital-Sky-Technologies-2336764.php
  9. ↑ Pepitone, J. (2013, November 7). #WOW! Twitter soars 73% in IPO. CNNMoney. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from https://money.cnn.com/2013/11/07/technology/social/twitter-ipo-stock/index.html
  10. ↑ Griffith, E. (2015, May 18). The tale of two ipos: Facebook and Twitter. Fortune. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from https://fortune.com/2015/02/19/the-tale-of-two-ipos-facebook-and-twitter/
  11. ↑ McCarthy, C. (2008, October 17). Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey Steps down. CNET. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from https://www.cnet.com/culture/twitter-ceo-jack-dorsey-steps-down/
  12. ↑ Newcomb, A. (2015, October 6). Jack Dorsey Will Return As Twitter CEO. ABC News. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/jack-dorsey-return-twitter-ceo/story?id=33535778
  13. ↑ Flynn, K. (2016, April 6). Twitter Data Business Is Growing As Jack Dorsey Courts Developers. International Business Times. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from https://www.ibtimes.com/twitter-data-business-growing-jack-dorsey-courts-developers-2348193
  14. ↑ Bond, S. (2021, March 25). Facebook, Twitter, Google CEOS testify before Congress: 4 things to know. NPR. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from https://www.npr.org/2021/03/25/980510388/facebook-twitter-google-ceos-testify-before-congress-4-things-to-know
  15. ↑ SOURCE Twitter, Inc. (2021, November 29). Jack Dorsey Steps Down as Twitter CEO, Board unanimously appoints CTO Parag Agrawal as successor. Cision PR Newswire. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/jack-dorsey-steps-down-as-twitter-ceo-board-unanimously-appoints-cto-parag-agrawal-as-successor-301432989.html
  16. ↑ Heath, A. (2022, May 12). Here's The memo twitter CEO Parag Agrawal sent about firing execs and a hiring freeze. The Verge. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from https://www.theverge.com/2022/5/12/23068985/twitter-memo-parag-agrawal-firing-execs-hiring-freeze
  17. ↑ @cb_doge. (2022, October 27). Free Speech Elon Musk (Pic.twitter.com/dps50c3ca4). Twitter. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://twitter.com/cb_doge/status/1585841205392220160
  18. ↑ Bell, K. (2022, November 1). How Elon Musk bought Twitter. Yahoo! News. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from https://news.yahoo.com/elon-musk-bought-twitter-011050455.html
  19. ↑ King, R. (2023, January 14). Musk vows to disclose censorship practices and make Twitter code open to public. Washington Examiner. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/policy/technology/elon-musk-vows-twitter-recommendation-code-open-source-by-next-month
  20. ↑ Picchi, A. (2022, May 17). What are Twitter bots, and why is Elon Musk obsessed with them? CBS News. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/elon-musk-twitter-bots-cbs-explains/
  21. ↑ Ray, S. (2022, November 8). 'bird is freed': Elon Musk is reportedly planning to take over as Twitter CEO. Forbes. Retrieved January 26, 2023, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/siladityaray/2022/10/28/bird-is-freed-elon-musk-reportedly-takes-over-as-twitter-ceo/?sh=4e1dc4275ab8
  22. ↑ Peers, M. (2022, December 4). Musk fired executives for 'cause,' in apparent attempt to avoid payouts. The Information. Retrieved January 26, 2023, from https://www.theinformation.com/articles/musk-fired-executives-for-cause-in-apparent-attempt-to-avoid-payouts?irclickid=32Tw38zEixyNRTVQiY0Eh0ZsUkA1rcV5RW19w80&irgwc=1
  23. ↑ TWITTER, INC. (2022, April 12). 2022 Proxy Statement. Sec.gov. Retrieved January 26, 2023, from https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1418091/000114036122014049/ny20001921x3_def14a.htm#tCT
  24. ↑ Dean, G., Tabahriti, S., & Lee, L. (2022, November 25). From CEO Parag Agrawal to Robin Wheeler and Yoel Roth, these top Twitter execs have been fired, laid off, or quit since Elon Musk's takeover. Business Insider. Retrieved January 26, 2023, from https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-twitter-executives-fired-quit-takeover-agrawal-segal-edgett-2022-11?op=1#head-of-trust-and-safety-yoel-roth-15
  25. ↑ Alba, D., & Wagner, K. (2023, January 7). Elon Musk cuts more Twitter staff overseeing content moderation. Bloomberg.com. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-07/elon-musk-cuts-more-twitter-staff-overseeing-content-moderation
  26. ↑ O'Sullivan, D., & Duffy, C. (2022, November 9). Elon Musk's Twitter lays off employees across the company. CNN. Retrieved January 26, 2023, from https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/03/tech/twitter-layoffs/index.html
  27. ↑ Duffy, K. (2022, November 4). Twitter staff tweeted their experiences of being locked out of company Slack and email accounts the evening before mass layoffs were due to be announced. Yahoo! News. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://news.yahoo.com/twitter-staff-tweeted-experiences-being-105704438.html
  28. ↑ Reuters. (2023, January 15). Twitter's laid-off workers cannot pursue claims via class-action lawsuit, judge says. CNN Business. Retrieved January 26, 2023, from https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/15/business/twitter-workers-class-action-lawsuit-judge/index.html
  29. ↑ Shakhnazarova, N. (2022, April 26). GOP lawmakers celebrate Elon Musk's Twitter takeover. New York Post. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://nypost.com/2022/04/26/us-lawmakers-react-to-elon-musk-buying-twitter/
  30. ↑ Getahun, H., & Metzger, B. (2022, April 25). Elizabeth Warren says Elon Musk's purchase of Twitter is 'dangerous for our democracy'. Business Insider. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://www.businessinsider.com/liz-warren-says-elon-musk-twitter-buyout-dangerous-for-democracy-2022-4?op=1
  31. ↑ Shewfelt, R. (2022, December 29). Elton John, Whoopi Goldberg and more celebrities leave Twitter after Elon Musk takes over. Yahoo! Entertainment. Retrieved January 26, 2023, from https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/celebrities-leave-twitter-elon-musk-takes-over-elton-john-whoopi-goldberg-201529732.html
  32. ↑ NAACP calls on companies to pause all advertising on Twitter. NAACP. (2022, November 4). Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://naacp.org/articles/naacp-calls-companies-pause-all-advertising-twitter
  33. ↑ Hubbard, H. (2022, November 25). Twitter has lost 50 of its top 100 advertisers since Elon Musk took over, report says. NPR. Retrieved January 26, 2023, from https://www.npr.org/2022/11/25/1139180002/twitter-loses-50-top-advertisers-elon-musk
  34. ↑ @elonmusk. (2022, November 18). Reinstate former president Trump. Twitter. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1593767953706921985
  35. ↑ Duffy, C. (2022, November 18). Elon Musk unbans several controversial Twitter accounts, but says not yet on Trump. CNN. Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/18/tech/elon-musk-twitter-content-policy/index.html
  36. ↑ Wright, T. (2022, November 7). Twitter suspends Kathy Griffin's account for impersonating Elon Musk. New York Post. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://nypost.com/2022/11/07/twitter-suspends-kathy-griffins-account-for-impersonating-elon-musk/
  37. ↑ @elonmusk. (2022, November 19). Reinstate former president Trump. Twitter. Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1593767953706921985
  38. ↑ Boniello, K. (2022, November 20). Trump officially back on Twitter after nearly 2-year ban thanks to elon musk user poll. New York Post. Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://nypost.com/2022/11/19/trump-to-be-reinstated-on-twitter-after-elon-musk-posts-poll/
  39. ↑ Hauck, G. (2022, November 20). Liberals denounce Elon Musk as Republicans cheer: Reactions to Donald Trump being unbanned on Twitter. USA Today. Retrieved February 8, 2023, from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2022/11/19/trump-twitter-reinstated-dems-condemn-elon-musk-gop-celebrates/10739925002/
  40. ↑ Clegg, N. (2023, January 25). Ending suspension of Trump's accounts with new guardrails to deter repeat offenses. Meta. Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://about.fb.com/news/2023/01/trump-facebook-instagram-account-suspension/
  41. ↑ Lewis, K. (2022, November 4). Twitter debates Musk's proposed "Moderation council" as users volunteer. Newsweek. Retrieved February 8, 2023, from https://www.newsweek.com/twitter-debates-musks-proposed-moderation-council-users-volunteer-1755546
  42. ↑ Choi, J.-A., Benton, B., Luo, Y., & Green, K. (2022, October 31). From the Tweets to Hate Speech: Increases in Twitter Racist Content After Elon Musk’s Acquisition. Montclair State University Press Room. Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://www.montclair.edu/newscenter/2022/10/31/study-finds-hate-speech-on-twitter-increased-following-elon-musk-takeover/
  43. ↑ @TwitterSafety. (2023, January 11). Here's an update on our efforts to reduce the reach of hateful speech on Twitter. Twitter. Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://twitter.com/TwitterSafety/status/1613335959978008576?cxt=HHwWgIDT3b-g3OMsAAAA
  44. ↑ Schechner, S. (2023, February 9). EU warns Twitter over incomplete content-moderation report. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/eu-warns-twitter-over-incomplete-content-moderation-report-11675944148
  45. ↑ European Union. (n.d.). The Digital Services Act: Ensuring a safe and accountable online environment. European Commission. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/digital-services-act-ensuring-safe-and-accountable-online-environment_en
  46. ↑ Victor Carvalho ?️ Assine minha newsletter! (2023, January 17). We don't want to see the view counts. that's it. it doesn't matter if it is on the left, on the right, up or down. I simply don't want it! Twitter. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://twitter.com/chamavito/status/1615409449757249541
  47. ↑ Twitter, Inc. (n.d.). About Twitter Blue. Twitter Help Center. Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://help.twitter.com/en/using-twitter/twitter-blue
  48. ↑ Tan, H. (2023, January 18). The Taliban bought Twitter's $8 a month blue ticks. they appear to have been removed after outrage. Business Insider. Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://www.businessinsider.com/afghanistan-taliban-twitter-blue-check-mark-subscription-remove-2023-1
  49. ↑ Mehta, I. (2023, February 9). Twitter blue introduces 4,000-character tweets, says half ads coming soon. TechCrunch. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://techcrunch.com/2023/02/08/twitter-blue-introduces-4000-character-tweets-says-half-ads-coming-soon/
  50. ↑ Hutchinson, A. (2022, September 30). Twitter tests new tweet view count display to better highlight content reach. Social Media Today. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/Twitter-Tests-Tweet-View-Count-Display-to-Highlight-Tweet-Reach/633117/
  51. ↑ Blanchet, B. (2022, December 23). Twitter adds view counts under tweets, and users aren't feeling it. HuffPost News. Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://www.huffpost.com/entry/twitter-adds-view-counts-tweets_n_63a5154ae4b0cbfd55da7e99
  52. ↑ @TwitterSupport. (2023, January 17). Many of you didn't like seeing view counts on the left. we heard you. view counts will now show on the right side of your tweet, located between the like and share icons. live on web, IOS and Android Coming Soon! Twitter. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://twitter.com/TwitterSupport/status/1615404973323390987
  53. ↑ Hutchinson, A. (2023, January 17). Twitter launches updated Tweet view count display. Social Media Today. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/Twitter-Launches-Updated-Tweet-View-Count-Display/640549/
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