Difference between revisions of "YouTube"

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'''{{initial|Y}}ouTube''' is the largest video-sharing website in the world. YouTube was founded in 2005 and is now the third most visited site globally <ref>Alexa Top Sites | http://www.alexa.com/topsites</ref>. Shortly after it was founded, Youtube was purchased by [[Google]] for 1.65 billion USD in November 2006<ref>Youtube | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youtube</ref>. As of January of 2012 Youtube's users were uploading one hour of video to the site every second <ref>Google says one hour of video is now being uploaded to Youtube every second | http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-01-30/national/35439542_1_youtube-channels-google-figures-show</ref>. YouTube's content consists mainly of user-generated video, music videos, and TV clips. Largely due to the anonymous content on the site, YouTube has ran into some controversial ethical implications.
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'''YouTube''' is the largest video-sharing website in the world. Founded in 2005, YouTube is now the third most visited site globally.<ref>Alexa Top Sites | http://www.alexa.com/topsites</ref>. Shortly after it was founded, Youtube was purchased by [[Google]] for 1.65 billion USD in November 2006<ref>Youtube | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youtube</ref> As of January of 2012, Youtube users uploaded one hour of video to the site every second.<ref>Google says one hour of video is now being uploaded to Youtube every second | http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-01-30/national/35439542_1_youtube-channels-google-figures-show</ref> YouTube's content consists mainly of user-generated video, music videos, and TV clips. Due to anonymous content, there are ethical issues surrounding the site.
  
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== History ==
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==History==
 
[[File:YouTube_founders.png|thumb|left|200px|Cofounders of YouTube: Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim.]]
 
[[File:YouTube_founders.png|thumb|left|200px|Cofounders of YouTube: Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim.]]
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YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim in 2005 after they had difficulty sharing videos with each other. All three of the founders were previously employees of PayPal, an online company that acts as its users' digital wallet. YouTube's first headquarters were located above a pizzeria in San Mateo, California. It started as an angel-funded enterprise from a makeshift office, however, in November 2005, Sequoia Capital invested an initial $3.5 million<ref>{{cite web|first = Scott |last = Woolley |url = http://members.forbes.com/global/2006/0313/027.html |title = Raw and Random  |work = Forbes.com |publisher = Forbes |date = 2006-03-13  |accessdate = 2006-07-28}}</ref>. When YouTube first began, the website had practically no interface. It did not indicate that it was focused towards video content anywhere on the site. The first video clip to be uploaded on to the website was by Karim himself, titled "Me at the zoo". <ref>[http://www.interestingtopics.net/early-versions-of-google-youtube-id-636 Youtube History]</ref>
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YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim in 2005 to facilitate video sharing. All three were previously employed by PayPal, an online company that acts as a digital wallet for users. YouTube started as an angel-funded enterprise from a makeshift office before receiving a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November 2005.<ref>{{cite web|first = Scott |last = Woolley |url = http://members.forbes.com/global/2006/0313/027.html |title = Raw and Random  |work = Forbes.com |publisher = Forbes |date = 2006-03-13  |accessdate = 2006-07-28}}</ref> Although when the site began, it had little interface, after a receiving this funding, a beta version site was released, quickly followed by a real version. During the summer of 2006, YouTube gained popularity and became one of the fastest growing sites on the Web, with users uploading more than 65,000 new videos per day.<ref>[http://www.interestingtopics.net/early-versions-of-google-youtube-id-636 Youtube History]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=YouTube serves up 100 million videos a day online |url=http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-07-16-youtube-views_x.htm |work=USA Today|date=July 16, 2006 |accessdate=November 29, 2008}}</ref> The site continued to grow rapidly, and was bought by [[Google]] in October, 2006 for $1.65 billion<ref>[http://www.crunchbase.com/company/youtube/ YouTube CrunchBase]</ref>. YouTube has gone on to make deals with movie producers as well as television stations in order to display their content on YouTube. [[Wikipedia:Google+|Google+]] has also adopted YouTube as its video viewing mechanism.
  
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After being funded by Sequoia Capital, a beta came out and was quickly followed by a real version. During the summer of 2006, YouTube gained popularity and was one of the fastest growing sites on the Web, uploading more than 65,000 new videos and obtaining 100 million video views per day in July<ref>{{Cite web|title=YouTube serves up 100 million videos a day online |url=http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-07-16-youtube-views_x.htm |work=USA Today|date=July 16, 2006 |accessdate=November 29, 2008}}</ref>. The site grew rapidly and was bought by [[Google]] in October, 2006 for $1.65 billion<ref>[http://www.crunchbase.com/company/youtube/ YouTube CrunchBase]</ref>. YouTube has gone on to make deals with movie producers as well as television stations in order to display their content on YouTube. [[Wikipedia:Google+|Google+]] has adopted YouTube as its video viewing mechanism.
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===iPhone Application===
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In 2007, [[Apple]] released [[iOS]] 6, the first version of iOS to not come with the YouTube application pre-installed. At the time, 25% of all YouTube views were on mobile devices.  Apple had announced before the release of iOS 6 that YouTube would no longer be pre-installed, and within a month YouTube had created an app of their own.  This caused issues between Apple and Google, as Google was given limited control of the native YouTube application, most notably the control of advertisements - Apple refused to allow YouTube to display ads before videos.<ref name="ref"> [http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/11/tech/mobile/youtube-iphone-app/index.html YouTube releases new iPhone app] </ref>
  
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===iPhone App===
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==Funding==
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In 2007, [[Apple]] released [[iOS]] 6 which for the first time did not come with a YouTube application natively installed. At the time, 25% of all YouTube views were on mobile devices. Apple had announced before the iOS release that YouTube would no longer be pre-installed, and within a month YouTube created an app of its own.  Controversy began begin the technology giants, Apple and Google, because Google was given limited control of the native YouTube app because of its integration within the operating system.  The most notable limitation was control of ads.  Apple refused to allow YouTube to display ads before a video.  YouTube is not the only disagreement between Google and Apple in recent months.  Apple announced in July 2012 that it would no longer use Google Maps to power the iPhone Maps application.<ref name="ref"> [http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/11/tech/mobile/youtube-iphone-app/index.html YouTube releases new iPhone app] </ref>
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Similar to [[Facebook]], YouTube is a free website that earns revenue through advertising. Advertisers spend thousands of dollars to have their advertisements featured on top videos. YouTube enforces strict community and technical guidelines for all of its advertisements; the site aims to be fair and consistent with its policies in order to benefit its users, advertisers, and partners. YouTube reserves the right to reject any advertisement from the site that is deemed inappropriate or intrusive, and refunds are not issued for promotions in which the related advertisements disabled, or suspended due to policy violations.<ref name = "policies">[http://www.youtube.com/t/advertising_policies/ YouTube Advertising Policies]</ref>
  
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== Funding ==
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==Copyright Concerns==
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Similar to [[Facebook]], YouTube is a free website that brings in revenue through advertising. Advertisers spend thousands of dollars so that their products will be featured on the top watched videos. YouTube enforces strict community and technical guidelines for all of its advertisements<ref name = "policies">[http://www.youtube.com/t/advertising_policies/ YouTube Advertising Policies]</ref>. The site aims to be fair and consistent with its policies in order to benefit its users, advertisers, and partners. It reserves the right to reject or approve any ad from the site that is deemed inappropriate or intrusive. Refunds are not issued for promotions where the related ads or videos are disabled, suspended, or age-restricted due to policy violations<ref name = "policies"/>, so the site profits even from unsuccessful advertisements. With thousands of advertisements on YouTube, more than enough money is provided to fund the site.
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YouTube faces man copyright issues because it does not monitor the content of videos. While the site states that copyrighted materials are not allowed to be uploaded, this does not always deter users from uploading copyrighted material. Despite the fact that millions of videos on YouTube are violating copyright, YouTube does not remove the videos, and makes little to no effort to enforce its own policies unless a user or company specifically brings an issue to their attention.
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== Copyright Concerns ==
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YouTube faces tremendous copyright issues mainly because it does not monitor the content of any videos.YouTube does not allow users to upload pornography or other videos that are detrimental in nature. Also copyrighted materials are not allowed to be uploaded. This, however, has not been a deterrent to thousands of people. There are millions of videos on YouTube that are illegal, in terms of copyrighted material, but YouTube does not take them down on their own. In fact YouTube makes little to no effort to enforce the policies that it lists unless a user or company has brought an issue to their attention. This creates a problem for many musical artists who rely on music purchases for their well being. Because YouTube does not actively seek out and remove illegal material this job is left in the hands of those concerned.
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On the other hand, some artists may see the upload of their music as a benefit. YouTube has created a different approach in getting one's name out without needing the resources, and the funding to afford a studio to record. One example is an artist named Karmin<ref>http://www.youtube.com/user/karmincovers</ref> - she makes covers to mainstream songs and for one of her covers has over 77 million views. YouTube changes the norm of becoming "famous" and allows artists to release music and showcase their works for the love of making music. Another less known example is a movement that's called REMIXED<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w2rQMyDd-N8&feature=youtu.be</ref>, which was about bringing two YouTube artists together to collaborate and make a production. One artist produces Dubstep music with only his voice and was paired with a hip hop dancer, who together came together and made a storyline about being inside a video game. YouTube is a place to make opportunities like this possible, and really allows for a new type of innovation.
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Movies also have to deal with copyright concerns because they can be uploaded in pieces and go relatively unseen by the movie producers. Over the past five years, there has been an ongoing lawsuit between YouTube and Viacom. Viacom claimed that YouTube failed to remove unauthorized shows like "The Daily Show With Jon Stewart" and other copyrighted shows from the site. The court went back and forth, trying to decided if this was indeed a copyright infringement. On April 4, 2012 it was decided that it was a violation of copyright, but the two companies decided to arrange a deal in which YouTube will allow users to ren Viacom's Paramount Pictures movies<ref>http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/youtube/index.html</ref>.
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Additionally, for the past five years there has been an ongoing lawsuit between YouTube and Viacom. Viacom claimed that YouTube failed to remove copyrighted material, such as "The Daily Show With Jon Stewart" from the site. On April 4, 2012 it was decided that this was a violation of copyright, but the two companies arranged a deal in which YouTube can allow users to rent Viacom's Paramount Pictures movies<ref>http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/youtube/index.html</ref>.
  
 
===Third-Party Claims===
 
===Third-Party Claims===
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Youtube has incorporated [http://www.youtube.com/t/contentid a set of content-identifying tools] which third-party companies who have with a commercial partnership with Youtube may use in order to search the website for videos matching their content. This is how in many cases unauthorized uploads of music videos or clips from television or movies by individual youtube users are found and removed.
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Youtube has incorporated [http://www.youtube.com/t/contentid a set of content-identifying tools] which third-party companies who have a commercial partnership with Youtube can use to search for videos matching their content. This is usually how copyrighted videos are found and removed.
  
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== Ethical Issues ==
 
  
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==Ethical Issues==
 
===Anonymity===
 
===Anonymity===
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It is difficult to stop a behavior effectively on youtube. Unless users give out personal information directly or through footage that can be corroborated with other online content, it can be impossible to identify users. Additionally, viewers can also use third-party ripping programs to download a video to their hard disk. For example, there is a YouTube to Mp3 Converter website <ref>http://www.youtube-mp3.org/</ref>, where users are able to download videos to their computer. If a user did not want to pay for a downloaded song from the [[iTunes Store]], they could try to convert a YouTube video of the song into a mp3 file and then access the song on their computer. Also, users who post content or perform actions the administration disagrees with are usually punished by the removal of the offending content or banning the poster. These are ineffective deterrents because a user banned for harmful or illegal actions can resume almost immediately by creating a new account to circumvent the ban. Similarly, removed content can be reposted from a downloaded copy by making a small change to the content and posting it through a non-banned account. This set of qualities can be used for both harmful and beneficial purposes.
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It is difficult to control behavior on YouTube, since it is difficult to identify users unless they give out personal information directly. This anonymity means users are often more comfortable using things like YouTube to MP3 Converters, which can be used to download songs from YouTube videos to a user's computer. There are also similar programs which allow users to download videos from the site. <ref>http://www.youtube-mp3.org/</ref> Additionally, because it is easy to set up a YouTube account, users that have been banned from the site for violating the terms of service often make new accounts to continue using the site.  
  
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==== Anonymity in Comments ====
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====Comments====
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The YouTube comments section has no censorship, which means that there the potential for derogatory or offensive content to be posted. As mentioned above, because YouTube is a mostly anonymous environment, it is difficult for YouTube moderators to track and censor the users who post harmful or offensive material.
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The YouTube comments section, located underneath the video, has no censorship. This means that there is always the potential for derogatory or offensive content to be posted online. As mentioned above, since YouTube is an mostly anonymous environment, it is difficult for YouTube moderators to track and censor the users who are posting this harmful and sometimes offensive material.
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====Benefit====
 
====Benefit====
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Anonymity can allow YouTube users to contribute to the site more freely without worrying about the release of their personal information or relation to videos and comments. Users often wish to be personally disconnected from YouTube content for reasons other than posting inappropriate material. Anonymity can facilitate open discussion and the free flowing of content without barriers from identity.
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Anonymity can allow YouTube users to contribute to the site more freely without worrying about the release of their personal information, which can allow to more open discussions.
  
 
====Harm====
 
====Harm====
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Anonymity allows users to post content that might be offensive or inappropriate to other users without much consequence. YouTube administrators can effectively ban an account, but not necessarily a user. As mentioned, there are no mechanisms in place preventing users from creating multiple accounts. In rare cases, if a user's content is strongly incriminating of a crime, steps can be taken to identify the user in the real world and seek legal action. A recent example is the case of Dusty the Cat, in which a Facebook user posted videos of himself abusing an animal anonymously. See [[4chan]].
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Anonymity allows users to post content that might be offensive or inappropriate to other users. YouTube administrators can effectively ban an account, but not necessarily a user, since there are no mechanisms in place to prevent a user from creating another YouTube account. In rare cases, if a user's content is strongly incriminating, steps can be taken to identify the user in the real world and seek legal action. For example, in the case of Dusty the Cat, when a Facebook user posted videos of himself abusing an animal anonymously.
  
 
==ContentID: Piracy and its Prevention==
 
==ContentID: Piracy and its Prevention==
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These qualities amplify YouTube's capacity to destroy privacy. As an example,
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Issues of copyright infringement are prevalent in Youtube videos, copyrighted material is often uploaded without the permission of the owner. To combat this, YouTube has taken steps to insure that copyrighted content is removed, including supplying copyright infringement notifications for third party users.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/t/copyright_center</ref>
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Issues of copyright infringement are prevalent in Youtube videos. More specifically, copyrighted music is commonly used without the permission of the holder. To combat this, Youtube takes step to insuring users avoid uploading videos with copyrighted content. This includes supplying copyright infringement notifications for third party users, and information for users who may have uploaded copyrighted material.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/t/copyright_center</ref>
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===Benefits===
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===Harm===
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However, the ContentID system can also cause harm to users who post non-infringing content. For example, bird chirps and motorcycle engines have been known to be identified by the system as copyrighted content on occasion.<ref>http://thenextweb.com/google/2012/02/27/a-copyright-claim-on-chirping-birds-highlights-the-flaws-of-youtubes-automated-system/</ref> NASA's public domain broadcasts have also been frequently removed following take-down requests from news services that rebroadcast their material.<ref>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120806/11053019945/curiositys-mars-landing-video-disappears-youtube-due-to-bogus-copyright-claim.shtml</ref>
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However, the ContentID system can also cause harm to users who post non-infringing content. Both bird song and motorcycle engines are known to be identified by the system as copyrighted content on some occasions, leading to ads being placed on the videos and monetization being disabled for the original creator<ref>http://thenextweb.com/google/2012/02/27/a-copyright-claim-on-chirping-birds-highlights-the-flaws-of-youtubes-automated-system/</ref>. NASA's public domain broadcasts have also been frequently removed following takedown requests from news services that rebroadcast their material <ref>http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120806/11053019945/curiositys-mars-landing-video-disappears-youtube-due-to-bogus-copyright-claim.shtml</ref>.
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This system appears to be vulnerable to exploitation by entities who wish to harass or exploit others <ref>http://njnnetwork.com/2009/10/youtube-suspends-thousands-of-accounts/</ref>.
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This is problematic because some users derive
 
  
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== See Also ==
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==See Also==
 
{{resource|
 
{{resource|
 
*[[4chan]]
 
*[[4chan]]

Revision as of 23:24, 8 December 2012

←Back • ↑Topics • ↑Categories
Youtube logo.jpg
Youtube screen shot.jpg
Youtube
Community Anyone on the web
Membership Anyone with creation of account
Privacy features that support privacy
Self Identity Profile, Videos, Friends, "Likes"
Features Sharing Photos, Comments
Status
Launch Date February 14, 2005
Users Hundreds of Millions


YouTube is the largest video-sharing website in the world. Founded in 2005, YouTube is now the third most visited site globally.[1]. Shortly after it was founded, Youtube was purchased by Google for 1.65 billion USD in November 2006[2] As of January of 2012, Youtube users uploaded one hour of video to the site every second.[3] YouTube's content consists mainly of user-generated video, music videos, and TV clips. Due to anonymous content, there are ethical issues surrounding the site.

History

Cofounders of YouTube: Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim.

YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim in 2005 to facilitate video sharing. All three were previously employed by PayPal, an online company that acts as a digital wallet for users. YouTube started as an angel-funded enterprise from a makeshift office before receiving a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November 2005.[4] Although when the site began, it had little interface, after a receiving this funding, a beta version site was released, quickly followed by a real version. During the summer of 2006, YouTube gained popularity and became one of the fastest growing sites on the Web, with users uploading more than 65,000 new videos per day.[5][6] The site continued to grow rapidly, and was bought by Google in October, 2006 for $1.65 billion[7]. YouTube has gone on to make deals with movie producers as well as television stations in order to display their content on YouTube. Google+ has also adopted YouTube as its video viewing mechanism.

iPhone Application

In 2007, Apple released iOS 6, the first version of iOS to not come with the YouTube application pre-installed. At the time, 25% of all YouTube views were on mobile devices. Apple had announced before the release of iOS 6 that YouTube would no longer be pre-installed, and within a month YouTube had created an app of their own. This caused issues between Apple and Google, as Google was given limited control of the native YouTube application, most notably the control of advertisements - Apple refused to allow YouTube to display ads before videos.[8]

Funding

Similar to Facebook, YouTube is a free website that earns revenue through advertising. Advertisers spend thousands of dollars to have their advertisements featured on top videos. YouTube enforces strict community and technical guidelines for all of its advertisements; the site aims to be fair and consistent with its policies in order to benefit its users, advertisers, and partners. YouTube reserves the right to reject any advertisement from the site that is deemed inappropriate or intrusive, and refunds are not issued for promotions in which the related advertisements disabled, or suspended due to policy violations.[9]

Copyright Concerns

YouTube faces man copyright issues because it does not monitor the content of videos. While the site states that copyrighted materials are not allowed to be uploaded, this does not always deter users from uploading copyrighted material. Despite the fact that millions of videos on YouTube are violating copyright, YouTube does not remove the videos, and makes little to no effort to enforce its own policies unless a user or company specifically brings an issue to their attention.

Additionally, for the past five years there has been an ongoing lawsuit between YouTube and Viacom. Viacom claimed that YouTube failed to remove copyrighted material, such as "The Daily Show With Jon Stewart" from the site. On April 4, 2012 it was decided that this was a violation of copyright, but the two companies arranged a deal in which YouTube can allow users to rent Viacom's Paramount Pictures movies[10].

Third-Party Claims

Youtube has incorporated a set of content-identifying tools which third-party companies who have a commercial partnership with Youtube can use to search for videos matching their content. This is usually how copyrighted videos are found and removed.


Ethical Issues

Anonymity

It is difficult to control behavior on YouTube, since it is difficult to identify users unless they give out personal information directly. This anonymity means users are often more comfortable using things like YouTube to MP3 Converters, which can be used to download songs from YouTube videos to a user's computer. There are also similar programs which allow users to download videos from the site. [11] Additionally, because it is easy to set up a YouTube account, users that have been banned from the site for violating the terms of service often make new accounts to continue using the site.

Comments

The YouTube comments section has no censorship, which means that there the potential for derogatory or offensive content to be posted. As mentioned above, because YouTube is a mostly anonymous environment, it is difficult for YouTube moderators to track and censor the users who post harmful or offensive material.

Benefit

Anonymity can allow YouTube users to contribute to the site more freely without worrying about the release of their personal information, which can allow to more open discussions.

Harm

Anonymity allows users to post content that might be offensive or inappropriate to other users. YouTube administrators can effectively ban an account, but not necessarily a user, since there are no mechanisms in place to prevent a user from creating another YouTube account. In rare cases, if a user's content is strongly incriminating, steps can be taken to identify the user in the real world and seek legal action. For example, in the case of Dusty the Cat, when a Facebook user posted videos of himself abusing an animal anonymously.

ContentID: Piracy and its Prevention

Issues of copyright infringement are prevalent in Youtube videos, copyrighted material is often uploaded without the permission of the owner. To combat this, YouTube has taken steps to insure that copyrighted content is removed, including supplying copyright infringement notifications for third party users.[12]

However, the ContentID system can also cause harm to users who post non-infringing content. For example, bird chirps and motorcycle engines have been known to be identified by the system as copyrighted content on occasion.[13] NASA's public domain broadcasts have also been frequently removed following take-down requests from news services that rebroadcast their material.[14]


See Also

External Links

References

  1. ↑ Alexa Top Sites | http://www.alexa.com/topsites
  2. ↑ Youtube | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youtube
  3. ↑ Google says one hour of video is now being uploaded to Youtube every second | http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-01-30/national/35439542_1_youtube-channels-google-figures-show
  4. ↑ Woolley, Scott · (2006-03-13) · Raw and Random · Forbes.com · Forbes · 2006-07-28
  5. ↑ Youtube History
  6. ↑ lastname, firstname · (July 16, 2006) · YouTube serves up 100 million videos a day online · USA Today · November 29, 2008
  7. ↑ YouTube CrunchBase
  8. ↑ YouTube releases new iPhone app
  9. ↑ YouTube Advertising Policies
  10. ↑ http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/youtube/index.html
  11. ↑ http://www.youtube-mp3.org/
  12. ↑ http://www.youtube.com/t/copyright_center
  13. ↑ http://thenextweb.com/google/2012/02/27/a-copyright-claim-on-chirping-birds-highlights-the-flaws-of-youtubes-automated-system/
  14. ↑ http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120806/11053019945/curiositys-mars-landing-video-disappears-youtube-due-to-bogus-copyright-claim.shtml

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