Difference between revisions of "Reproductive Technology"
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Recipients have the ability to choose specific egg/sperm donors depending on various characteristics such as race, ethnicity, educational background, and/or religion. Recipients are also required to undergo evaluations where the physician must obtain a full medical history from the recipient and their partner, as well as a complete demanded physical exam and blood testing along with various gynecologic testings.() The recipients must also be screened for different disease such as syphilis, hepatitis B and C, HIV, West Nile and more.() Personal information on the recipients must also be saved, such as, name, date of birth, address, and all of the medical history.() | Recipients have the ability to choose specific egg/sperm donors depending on various characteristics such as race, ethnicity, educational background, and/or religion. Recipients are also required to undergo evaluations where the physician must obtain a full medical history from the recipient and their partner, as well as a complete demanded physical exam and blood testing along with various gynecologic testings.() The recipients must also be screened for different disease such as syphilis, hepatitis B and C, HIV, West Nile and more.() Personal information on the recipients must also be saved, such as, name, date of birth, address, and all of the medical history.() | ||
This process alters human enhancement and plays with bioethics. In the 1980's, there were many concerns regarding ART for its safety, its consistency of various data from clinics regarding pregnancy success rate, and its accessibility for different economic backgrounds.(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3261493/#B8) Due to such concerns the government legislated the Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Certification Act in 1992 requiring all ART clinics to inform the CDC with all the data regarding performed procedures and success rates. The data transferred also includes personal information of all recipients and donors.() These laws were made to ensure that patients are well informed of the different clinics’ success rates, however this has taken a different route in which clinics started to indirectly manipulate their data. Clinics started to “cherry pick” their patients in order to increase their success rate.() This has led patients with a poor pregnancy prognosis to not have as much access to reproductive technology relative to those who have a higher chance of getting pregnant (). In order to avoid false optimism and unnecessary fears, patients value counseling and accurate information, therefore, the inaccurate measurements that were being made using various computer systems have affected those who are using reproductive technology to have children, giving them false hope.() | This process alters human enhancement and plays with bioethics. In the 1980's, there were many concerns regarding ART for its safety, its consistency of various data from clinics regarding pregnancy success rate, and its accessibility for different economic backgrounds.(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3261493/#B8) Due to such concerns the government legislated the Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Certification Act in 1992 requiring all ART clinics to inform the CDC with all the data regarding performed procedures and success rates. The data transferred also includes personal information of all recipients and donors.() These laws were made to ensure that patients are well informed of the different clinics’ success rates, however this has taken a different route in which clinics started to indirectly manipulate their data. Clinics started to “cherry pick” their patients in order to increase their success rate.() This has led patients with a poor pregnancy prognosis to not have as much access to reproductive technology relative to those who have a higher chance of getting pregnant (). In order to avoid false optimism and unnecessary fears, patients value counseling and accurate information, therefore, the inaccurate measurements that were being made using various computer systems have affected those who are using reproductive technology to have children, giving them false hope.() | ||
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Revision as of 06:20, 11 February 2022
Reproductive technology Reproductive technology also known as Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is what encircles the majority of current use of technology in human and animal reproduction. This technology has turned many dreams into reality due to its aid in conceiving children for infertile couples.() The first use of a technique considered reproductive technology was in 1978 and the first time ART became legalized in the United States was in 1981. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3261493/ It has been shown that this technology gives safe, healthy, and improved reproduction. (1)Anonymous donation is a big part of reproductive technology; there are many donors who choose to stay unidentified, however, the system of keeping an anonymous identity is different in different parts of the world. Each country has its own system in how they legalize the anonymity of the donors.() Due to the fact that in certain parts of the world it is hard to keep a hidden identity it has raised many concerns on how ethical ART is in regards to personal and private information.()
Contents
Overview
Reproductive technology is used to assist with infertility and low fertility. There are many different types of techniques associated with reproductive technology. The most common is in vitro fertilization.
In vitro fertilization
In vitro means outside the body. In vitro fertilization is the combination of an egg and a sperm in a glass tube. This takes time because it requires the wait for a woman’s ovulatory process and then removing the eggs from their ovaries, when this is done and mixed with sperm a zygote undergoes embryo culture and then it is implanted back in the uterus to establish pregnancy and the development of a baby. This technique requires a long time due to the complicated method. ()
Types of Reproductive Technology
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART): It uses medical procedure and involves in vitro fertilization (which is where a female’s egg is combined with a male’s sperm outside of the body). It also includes gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) which is an in vivo process by obtaining an egg from an ovary and mixing it with sperm in the body then reinserting it into the fallopian tube by GIFT. A similar procedure is called Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) the only difference is that the egg and the sperm are mixed in a lab setting rather than in the body. These techniques help low fertility or no fertility individuals to be able to have children. It also provides same sex relationships to conceive children.
Ethics
Recipients
Recipients have the ability to choose specific egg/sperm donors depending on various characteristics such as race, ethnicity, educational background, and/or religion. Recipients are also required to undergo evaluations where the physician must obtain a full medical history from the recipient and their partner, as well as a complete demanded physical exam and blood testing along with various gynecologic testings.() The recipients must also be screened for different disease such as syphilis, hepatitis B and C, HIV, West Nile and more.() Personal information on the recipients must also be saved, such as, name, date of birth, address, and all of the medical history.() This process alters human enhancement and plays with bioethics. In the 1980's, there were many concerns regarding ART for its safety, its consistency of various data from clinics regarding pregnancy success rate, and its accessibility for different economic backgrounds.(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3261493/#B8) Due to such concerns the government legislated the Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Certification Act in 1992 requiring all ART clinics to inform the CDC with all the data regarding performed procedures and success rates. The data transferred also includes personal information of all recipients and donors.() These laws were made to ensure that patients are well informed of the different clinics’ success rates, however this has taken a different route in which clinics started to indirectly manipulate their data. Clinics started to “cherry pick” their patients in order to increase their success rate.() This has led patients with a poor pregnancy prognosis to not have as much access to reproductive technology relative to those who have a higher chance of getting pregnant (). In order to avoid false optimism and unnecessary fears, patients value counseling and accurate information, therefore, the inaccurate measurements that were being made using various computer systems have affected those who are using reproductive technology to have children, giving them false hope.()
Third party system
This term explains the idea that a third individual other than the two main couples will be assisting in giving either eggs or sperm for the couple’s use.() This can be socially, legally, and ethically complex. There are many who perform anonymous donation which is donating without the reveal of their identity.() Some people, however, do choose to be known.()
Donors
Issues
Hidden Identity
Such individual’s information are put in the computer system but they shall never come out. There are also known donors with known identities. However both types have to fill out questionnaires regarding their personal information as well as personal and family medical history. Such information is very private, therefore information technology plays a big role here. They also have to answer question regarding their sexual history, substance use, history of family disease and psychological history. The egg donors also have to be screened for clinical evidence of infection and inherited disease that have the chance to pass on. Information like this is very private for people and having them be essentially able to get leaked is a risk factor. Moreover, the anonymous donors should be providing insight regarding their personality, hobbies, life goals, and educational background. [1]
Safety
UK System
USA System
Legal Issues
Third-party reproduction involves several legal issues. Written consent should be obtained for any procedure. In situations of known sperm or egg donors, both donors, as well as intended parents, are advised to have separate legal counsel and sign a legal contract that defines the financial obligations and rights of the donor with respect to the donated gametes. [2]
