Difference between revisions of "Photo Editing"

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'''Photo Editing''' is the alteration of pixels (picture elements) in an image. These images can be altered by a computer software program or automatically enhanced by modern digital camera options. As computer software with altering abilities becomes more mainstream, more people have the opportunity to enhance pictures and to use the software creatively. At the same time, it is becoming more difficult to distinguish between real content and edited content. [[File:Main_pic_editing.jpg|500px|thumb|right|top|Original photo is on the left with three edited versions on the right.]]
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[[File:Main_pic_editing.jpg|485px|thumb|right|top|The original photo is on the left with three edited versions to the right of the original.]]
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'''{{initial|P}}hoto Editing''' is the alteration of an image through a computer software program or mobile application, or the automatic enhancement of an image by modern digital camera options. Artistic photo enhancement has increased in popularity as computer software built for pixel alteration has become more available and user-friendly. Due to the increasing difficulty in identifying the point at which a photo has been edited, ethical concerns have spawned from photo alteration, particularly when used as false evidence. With the ubiquity of photo enhancements, there has been an increased interest in [[Phototruth|truth in photography]]. The increasing quality of mobile photography has also introduced a wide range of photo editing apps which can apply color and lighting effects, change facial features, add the appearance of makeup, and delete objects in the background, among other effects.  
  
==History==
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==Background==
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The first photo editing was in 1860. A photo of American president [[Wikipedia:Abraham Lincoln|Abraham Lincoln]] was edited using body parts from others. Photo Editing continued in the 19th century when photographs were first put on glass and tin plates. These photos were altered using a variety of methods: ink, scratching, airbrushing. To edit negatives, one pieced photos together in the darkroom. Today, the term "photoshopping" is used as a metonym for photo editing, lending its name from the professional raster effects computer program, [[Wikipedia: Adobe Photoshop|Adobe Photoshop.]]<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_manipulation Wikipedia: Photo manipulation]</ref>
  
===1860===
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==Examples==
 
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===Pre-Digital Era===
The first notable edited photo came in 1860, not too long after Niepce invented the photograph. The photo below (left) places President Abraham Lincoln's head on the body of John Calhoun's body.
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Before the release of Photoshop, photos were usually edited through a physical process. This often involved cutting and pasting to fix elements in the photograph rather than digital manipulation of colors or shapes as the software allows today. <ref>Zhang, Michael. [https://petapixel.com/2013/05/08/how-photographers-photoshopped-their-pictures-back-in-1946/ How Photographers 'Photoshopped' Their Pictures Back in 1946.]PetaPixel, 8 May 2013. </ref> Since film photographs had to be developed through a physical process, the negatives could be combined to form composite images that were then printed onto paper. <ref>Uren, Amanda. [https://mashable.com/2015/02/19/before-photoshop/#MrA5ExmwgGqn "1850s-1950s Photoshop before Photoshop"] Mashable. 19 February 2015.</ref>.
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====First Edited Photo====
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The first notable edited photo came in 1860, shortly after Niepce invented the photograph. It was a composition of President Abraham Lincoln's head on the body of John Calhoun.
  
 
[[file:Lincoln121.jpg|400px]]
 
[[file:Lincoln121.jpg|400px]]
  
===1864===
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====Ulysses S. Grant Portrait====
In 1864, there is a depiction of General Ulysses S. Grant during the American Civil War.  In reality, the three separate photos below and to the right were combined to create the final product (left).
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An 1864 photo depicts General Ulysses S. Grant during the American Civil War, but was created using three different photos combined together.  
 
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[[File:C1864-Grant.jpg|800px]]
 
[[File:C1864-Grant.jpg|800px]]
  
===1865===
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====General Sherman====
This stately scene shows General Sherman with all of his generals.  However, one general was not present in the original photograph and was subsequently added to it at a later date.
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[[File:Historical-war-generals-edited-photo.jpg|500px|right]]In a photo of General Sherman in 1865 with all of his generals, one of the generals was subsequently added in at a later date.
 
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[[File:Historical-war-generals-edited-photo.jpg|500px]]
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===1942===
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In 1942, Benito Mussolini had his horse trainer removed from the picture to appear more heroic. <ref>http://www.cracktwo.com/2011/05/famous-doctored-photographs.html</ref>
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====Benito Mussolini====
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In 1942, Benito Mussolini had his horse trainer removed from the picture in order to appear more heroic.<ref>[http://twistedsifter.com/2012/02/famously-doctored-photographs/ "Famously Doctored Photographs."] Retrieved on 11 Apr. 2018.</ref>
  
 
[[File:Mussolini12.jpg]]
 
[[File:Mussolini12.jpg]]
  
===1987===
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====Oprah====
In 1989, Oprah's head was placed on a body from an advertisement for the gown. Neither the gown designer nor Oprah were notified about this ad before it went public.
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In 1989, Oprah's head was placed on a body from an advertisement for a gown. This was done by physically cutting and pasting the images together. Neither the gown designer nor Oprah were notified about this before the ad went public.<ref>Garber, Megan. [http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/06/oprahs-head-ann-margarets-body-a-brief-history-of-pre-photoshop-fakery/258369/ “Oprah's Head, Ann-Margaret's Body: A Brief History of Pre-Photoshop Fakery.”] The Atlantic. 11 June 2012.</ref>
  
 
[[File:Aug1989-Oprah.jpg]]
 
[[File:Aug1989-Oprah.jpg]]
  
===2007===
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==Digital Photo Editing==
In 2007, the popular movie series, ''Harry Potter'', released a promotional movie poster for its fifth film, ''The Order of the Phoenix'', in which actress Emma Watson's chest enlarged.
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Digital photos are stored on computers in the form of a grid containing elements known as pixels. Each pixel contains a color specified by three numbers, a red green and blue value. Combining these three color values produces the color desired. Modern photo editing programs such as [https://www.adobe.com/products/photoshop.html Adobe Photoshop] or [https://www.paintshoppro.com/en/products/paintshop-pro/ultimate/ Corel's Paint Shop Pro] are programmed to allow the users to change the information of each pixel individually or in large clusters.
  
[[File:May2007-EmmaWatson.jpg]]
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===Techniques===
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====Cropping====
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Cropping is used to show only a selection of the picture by deleting pixels and reducing the image size. It is primarily used to focus the attention of a viewer on a particular portion of the image or to remove unwanted subjects. Cropping can change the context of a scene or remove information from a photo.  
  
==Basics of Photo Editing==
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====Color Manipulation====
Digital photos are stored on computers in the form of a grid containing elements known as pixels. Each pixel has its own information, and modern photo editing programs such as Adobe Photoshop or Corel's Paint Shop Pro are programmed to allow the users to change the information of each pixel individually or in large clusters. On a large-scale, this alters the entire image. These programs' algorithms have become so fine-tuned that if matched with a skilled user, it may be very difficult to detect any alterations of a photo.
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Color manipulation can be applied to the entire image or selective parts. It can be used to increase or decrease saturation, hue, or brightness to achieve certain effects. In popular media, color manipulation has been used to alter skin tones and hair color to achieve an ad's desired effect, such as lighter or tanned skin and brighter, shinier hair.
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[[File:Beyonce-loreal-lightening-pic.jpg|200px|thumb|right| A cosmetic ad that lightened musical artist Beyonce's skin tone.]]
  
==Techniques==
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====Liquify====
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The Liquify tool is a tool in Adobe Photoshop. It allows user to distort pixels without losing their quality. This filter allows users to push, pull, rotate, reflect, pucker, and bloat the pixels of any image. Changeable properties with the Liquify filter are Forward Warp, Reconstruct, Twirl, Pucker, Bloat, Push, Mirror, Turbulence, Freeze / Thaw Mask, Hand and Zoom. <ref>Guzman, Alvaro. [https://design.tutsplus.com/tutorials/a-comprehensive-guide-to-photoshops-liquify-tool--psd-8094 "A Comprehensive Guide to Photoshop's Liquify Tool"], 20 May 2010. Retrieved on 17 April 2017.</ref>
  
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====Noise Reduction====
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Noise Reduction can be applied in order to get rid of small particles and small details in an image. By using this technique, it allows the original picture to become cleaner and is a tool often used to remove minuscule unwanted pixels in an image. <ref> Wikipedia - Image Editing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_editing] </ref>
  
===Cropping===
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===Software===
[[File:Cropping.jpg]]
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====Photoshop====
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Photoshop is one of the components of Adobe's Creative Cloud. It offers many different features such as cropping, burning, and liquify. It is one of the more popular software options for more advanced users. Though it is not the most user friendly piece of software, Adobe's website offers many tutorials on how to perform certain actions on photos.
  
Cropping is used to show only a selection of the picture. It is used primarily to focus the attention of a viewer on a particular portion of the image or to remove unwanted objects and persons.
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====iPhoto====
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iPhoto, found on Mac computers, is the storage spot for photographs on Mac computers. Users can upload their photos from the internet or from their storage device (SD card, cell phone, etc.), sort them into albums based on event, location, or faces, and perform simple edits. When uploading images from one's mobile devices, the software uses the geo-tag attached to the photo to sort the photo according to location. The software also has the ability to recognize faces and sorts photographs based on who appears in them as well.
  
===Color Manipulation===
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On iPhoto, users can crop and rotate images. They can also adjust color schemes, add filters, and sharpen images. One limitation of the software is that one cannot add or remove features of a photo, which one can do with Photoshop and other paid or more advanced software.
[[File:Coloring.jpg]]
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Image editing software allows user to change the color an entire image or the color of certain elements. For example, a color image of a person may be edited to appear in black and white with the person's hat remaining bright red.
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==Photo Editing and Social Media==
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Photo editing has become more prevalent with the rise of social media and mobile photography.  
  
Color manipulation is used in popular media to alter the skin tone of celebrities. It is used to lighten the skin of dark-skinned celebrities and make the skin of light-skinned celebrities have a tan or bronze glow.
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====Picnik====
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picnik Picnik] is a web-based photo editing service that allowed users to perform edits such as cropping, straightening, contrast and saturation adjustments, among others. Users can add text boxes and illustrations to their photos from Picnik's library of fonts and illustrations. The service was shut down on April 19, 2013.<ref>Picnic [https://www.picnik.com/]</ref>
  
[[File:Beyonce-loreal-lightening-pic.jpg]]
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====Instagram====
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The image-based social media platform [[Wikipedia:Instagram|Instagram]] popularized mobile versions of photo-editing. Instagram's native editing tools include cropping, straightening, adjusting brightness and contrast, and enhancing sharpening and removing red-eye. Instagram also popularized quick color effects for photos called filters. Third-party apps were developed for Instagram users to further edit photos. These include: Planoly, a mobile application used to plan out an Instagram feed,
  
This cosmetic ad lightened musical artist Beyonce's skin.
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====VSCO====
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[[Wikipedia:VSCO|VSCO]], "Visual Supply Company," is a mobile app that allows users to apply various color effects to their photos to evoke vintage film processing techniques for which their effects are named for. In addition, users have to ability to change the brightness, enhance certain features, color the photo, or make it look as if it was taken on a disposable camera. Users favor the filters that make their photos look older as younger generations are growing more interested in old "vintage" styles.
  
===Liquify===
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====Facetune====
The liquify filter is one of the most powerful tools in Adobe Photoshop. It allows user to disorts pixels without losing quality. This filter allows us to push, pull, rotate, reflect, pucker, and bloat the pixels of any image. Changeable properties with the liquify filter are Forward Warp, Reconstruct, Twirl, Pucker, Bloat, Push, Mirror, Turbulence, Freeze / Thaw Mask, Hand and Zoom. <ref>http://psd.tutsplus.com/tutorials/tools-tips/a-comprehensive-guide-to-photoshops-liquify-tool/</ref> An example of the liquify tool can be seen in the 2007 Harry Potter example above, in which the artist bloated the chest area of the female actress.
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[[Wikipedia:Facetune|Facetune]] is a mobile app that allows users to digitally retouch their photos using various tools, such as blur, liquify, and hue adjustments. The app is designed to edit "selfies" (self-portraits) with the ability to whiten teeth, remove blemishes, alter eye and hair color, and reduce wrinkles. In 2018, Facetune became the number-one paid application in the App Store.  Given the success of the app, developers rolled out a second version of the app, Facetune 2, that offers different features like the ability to widen the eyes and smile, replace backgrounds, and tweak features while users take photos, not after. These features are offered in addition to the classic features offered on the original app.
  
==Controversial Edited Photos==
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====Afterlight====
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlight Afterlight] is a photo editing app that allows users to edit photographs through the use of advanced tools, overlays, artwork and text, and filters. Some of the advanced tools include curves, selective hue/saturation, clarify, and tone, allowing users to alter the shape and color of the photograph.<ref>Apple Store Website https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/afterlight-2/id1293122457?mt=8</ref>
  
Photo editing is mainly used in advertisements to create a perfect picture.
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====BeautyPlus, BeautyCam, and SelfieCity====
[[File:Uwmadison12-1-tm.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]
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BeautyPlus, BeautyCam, and SelfieCity are mobile apps that are owned by Meitu, Inc. Users can beautify their themselves using editing tools that smooth out their skin, enhance their features, and brighten their eyes. These apps are installed on more than one billion phones and are especially popular in China. Meitu's apps generate six billion photos per month, and more than half of the selfies posted in China are edited with a Meitu app. <ref> Fan, Jiayang. “China's Selfie Obsession.” The New Yorker, The New Yorker, 11 Dec. 2017, [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/12/18/chinas-selfie-obsession https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/12/18/chinas-selfie-obsession] </ref>
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==Controversy and Backlash==
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[[File:Uwmadison12-1-tm.jpg|200px|thumb|right|University of Wisconsin Madison modifies brochure image to promote diversity]]
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[[File:Adnan_Hajj_Beirut_photo_comparison.jpg|180px|thumb|The original photo is featured on the left, and the edited photo is on the right.]]
 
===University of Wisconsin at Madison===
 
===University of Wisconsin at Madison===
[[Wikipedia:University of Wisconsin|University of Wisconsin]] at Madison wanted to portray student diversity in one its brochures by inserting an African-American student in the crowd of white students. The original photograph (right) was taken in 1993 and the additional student in the photograph to the left was added from a picture taken in 1994.
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[[Wikipedia:University of Wisconsin|University of Wisconsin]] at Madison wanted to portray student diversity in one of its brochures by inserting an African-American student, Diallo Shabazz, in a crowd of white students. He was unaware that he was included in this photo until a counselor let him know. The photo was widely used and represented the falsely constructed sense of diversity created by college administrations. The original photograph (right) was taken in 1993 and the additional student in the photograph to the left was added from a picture taken in 1994.
 
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[[File:microsoftps.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]
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===Lebanon War Photographs===
 
===Lebanon War Photographs===
In 2006, [[Wikipedia:Reuters|Reuters]], a news agency in New York, was caught publishing altered photos of the Lebanon War. Reuters fired photographer Adnan Hajj, who used a software editing program to manipulate many of his war photos. CAMERA, a pro-Israel media watch organization, said that the alleged photographic manipulations were used as propaganda by the mainstream media in an attempt to sway public opinion and paint Israel as an aggressor, suggesting that Israel was guilty of targeting civilians. <ref>http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=2&x_outlet=2&x_article=1175</ref>A film released on [[Wikipedia:YouTube|YouTube]] compares the two images, pointing out the striking similarities between the photograph used by Reuters on both July 24 and August 5. <ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJ5Rj4yBGdU</ref>
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In 2006, [[Wikipedia:Reuters|Reuters]], a news agency in New York, was caught publishing altered photos of the Lebanon War. Reuters fired photographer Adnan Hajj, who used a software editing program to manipulate many of his war photos. CAMERA, a pro-Israel media watch organization, said that the alleged photographic manipulations were used as propaganda by the mainstream media in an attempt to sway public opinion and paint Israel as an aggressor, suggesting that Israel was guilty of targeting civilians. Manipulations included adding and darkening smoke to a building recently attacked and adding missiles to a picture of a fighter firing a flare.<ref>Hollander, Ricki. [http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=2&x_outlet=2&x_article=1175 "Updated: A Reprise: Media Photo Manipulation."] 8 August 2006. Retrieved on 17 April 2017.</ref>A film released on [[Wikipedia:YouTube|YouTube]] compares the two images, pointing out the striking similarities between the photograph used by Reuters on both July 24 and August 5. <ref>x122mail. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJ5Rj4yBGdU "Reuters Faked Photos"], ''[[YouTube]]'', 6 August 2006. Retrieved on 17 April 2017.</ref>
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[[File:microsoftps.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Microsoft edits image in Poland]]
  
 
===2009 Microsoft Photograph ===
 
===2009 Microsoft Photograph ===
In 2009, an image in a [[Wikipedia:Microsoft|Microsoft]] Corporation advertisement was edited to transform the face of a black man into the face of a white man. On the US Microsoft website, the photo features one asian, one black, and one white. In the Polish Microsoft website however, the black man was replaced by a white man. This alteration in the photo triggered an enormous amount of discussion in the online community. Online bloggers and commenters "wondered if the change was racially motivated, the result of poor judgment or both." <ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/AheadoftheCurve/11-photo-editing-flubs-digitally-altered-photo-disasters/story?id=8780937 11 Photo-Editing Flubs: Ralph Lauren Ad Sparks Controversy] </ref>  Some people suggested that the Polish image was changed so that the man in the photo would resemble their own country's people more.  
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In 2009, an image in a [[Wikipedia:Microsoft|Microsoft]] Corporation advertisement was edited to transform the face of a black man into the face of a white man. On the US Microsoft website, the photo features one asian, one black, and one white person. On the Polish Microsoft website, the black man was replaced by a white man. This alteration in the photo triggered an enormous amount of discussion in the online community. Online bloggers and commentators wondered if the change was racially motivated or not.<ref>Heussner, Ki Mae. [http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/AheadoftheCurve/11-photo-editing-flubs-digitally-altered-photo-disasters/story?id=8780937 "11 Photo-Editing Flubs: Ralph Lauren Ad Sparks Controversy."] ABC News. 8 October 2009. Retrieved on 17 April 2017.</ref>  Some people suggested that the Polish image was changed so that the man in the photo would resemble their own country's people more.  
[[File:h_m.jpeg|250px|thumb|right]]
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[[File:h_m.jpeg|200px|thumb|left|H&M's virtual models]]
  
 
===H&M===
 
===H&M===
[http://www.hm.com/us/ H&M], a popular clothing store <ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/12/05/hm-fake-model-bodies_n_1129864.html#s520429</ref>, has recently been under fire for their clothing ads. H&M has been using computer-generated bodies and using real models head. This head-body disconnect was noticed by a Norway company, [http://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/article14028743.ab Bildbluff], a site that identifies photos that have been edited. H&M has since admitted to using computer-image bodies and converging them with a model's head. They maintain that they used this questionable practice to steer their customers' attention away from the model and towards the articles of clothing instead.<ref>http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/3981561/HM-under-fire-for-using-completely-virtual-models.html</ref>
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[http://www.hm.com/us/ H&M], a popular clothing store, has recently been under fire for their clothing ads. H&M places computer-generated bodies under real models' heads<ref>Krupnick, Ellie. [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/12/05/hm-fake-model-bodies_n_1129864.html#s520429 "H&M Uses Fake Bodies with Real Heads for Models (PHOTOS)"]. The Huffington Post. 06 December 2011. Retrieved on 17 April 2017.</ref>. This head-body disconnect was noticed by a Norway company, [http://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/article14028743.ab], a site that identifies photos that have been edited. H&M has since admitted to using computer-image bodies and converging them with a model's head. They maintain that they used this questionable practice to steer their customers' attention away from the model and towards the articles of clothing.<ref> Pemberton, Becky. [http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/3981561/HM-under-fire-for-using-completely-virtual-models.html "H&M under fire for using 'completely virtual' models"]. The Sun. 06 December 2011. Retrieved on 17 April 2017.</ref>  
  
H&M recently issued a response, defending its decision to use digitally-generated bodies. They do not regret their decision, instead comparing the use of virtual bodies to using mannequins in retail stores. <ref>http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2011/12/clothing-giant-hm-defends-use-of-virtual-models/</ref>
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H&M recently issued a response, defending its decision to use digitally-generated bodies. They do not regret their decision, instead they compare the using of virtual bodies to using mannequins in retail stores. <ref> Kindelan, Katie. [http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2011/12/clothing-giant-hm-defends-use-of-virtual-models/ "Clothing Giant H&M Defends 'Perfect' Virtual Models"]. ABC News. 06 December 2011. Retrieved on 17 April 2017.</ref> H&M also claims that they did this because they were not pleased with the models that auditioned to model H&M clothes for their various campaigns. <ref> Krupnick, Ellie. [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/12/05/hm-fake-model-bodies_n_1129864.html "H&M Uses Fake Bodies With Real Heads For Models (PHOTOS)"]. Huffington Post. 06 December 2011. Retrieved on 04 April 2018.</ref>
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===Aerie Real===
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Four years ago, American Eagle's brand [https://www.ae.com/aerie/aerie/s-cms/4840006?cm=sUS-cUSD&navdetail=mega:cat6610030 Aerie] launched the #AerieReal campaign that pledges to not retouch models in underwear and bathing suit advertisements to get rid of cellulite, stretch marks and rolls <ref>[https://www.ae.com/featured-aeriereal/aerie/s-cms/6890055 "AerieReal Campaign"] Retrieved on 11 Apr. 2018.</ref>. In the latest edition of the campaign, Aerie brought 4 notable women to be the face of the campaign; Aly Raisman, Yara Shahidi, Rachel Platten, and Iskra Lawrence. The pictures of these women together show no sign of editing and demonstrate a natural, real body. <ref>Storm, Meg. [https://www.usmagazine.com/stylish/pictures/yara-shahidi-aly-raisman-more-star-in-unretouched-aerie-campaign/ "Yara Shahidi, Aly Raisman, Iskra Lawrence and Rachel Platten Star in Latest Unretouched #AerieREAL Campaign."] US Magazine. 26 January 2018. Retrieved on 11 Apr 2018.</ref> The attention this campaign has drawn pushed its effort from a product campaign to a movement focused on empowering women and promoting positive, realistic body standards <ref> Marsh, Ariana. [https://www.teenvogue.com/story/aerie-releases-new-unretouched-campaign "News Aerie Releases New Unretouched Campaign."] Teen Vogue. 25 January 2018. Retrieved on 11 Apr 2018</ref>. [[File:Ralphfillipa.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Ralph Lauren Model photoshopped]]
  
 
===Ralph Lauren===
 
===Ralph Lauren===
[[File:Ralphfillipa.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]
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[[Wikipedia:Ralph Lauren|Ralph Lauren]] photoshoppers severely edited an image of model Filippa Hamilton. The public has severely criticized the company for its extreme use of digital manipulation on Hamilton, who is five-foot-ten and 120 pounds. This advertisement campaign sparked much controversy because it presents a distorted body image by medical standards. It gained a lot of media attention, particularly because Hamilton's waist was edited to be a smaller width than her head.  Ralph Lauren's actions can have negative implications on women and young girls and their perception of their bodies and body images. They have since fired Hamilton for reportedly being too fat <ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/10/14/filippa-hamilton-ralph-la_n_320396.html "Filippa Hamilton, Ralph Lauren's Retouched Model: I Was Fired For Being Too Fat (VIDEO)"], The Huffington Post. 18 March 2010. Retrieved on 17 April 2017.</ref>.
[[Wikipedia:Ralph Lauren|Ralph Lauren]] photoshoppers edited a distorted image of model Filippa Hamilton. The public has severely criticized the company for its' extreme use of digital manipulation on Hamilton, who is five-foot-ten and 120 pounds and not overweight. <ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/10/14/filippa-hamilton-ralph-la_n_320396.html</ref>. This advertisement campaign sparked much controversy, because it presents a distorted body image view on an already thin woman. Ralph Lauren's actions can have negative implications on women and young girls and their perception of their bodies and body images.
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[[File:O-BANE-CAPITAL-ROMNEY-570.jpg‎|200px|thumb|left| "It doesn't matter who we are... what matters is our plan. No one cared who I was until I put on the mask."]]
 
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==Ethical Implications of Photo-editing==
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Photo editing can have all kinds of ethical implications. It can either be used to recover an important image that has been distorted, or it can be used to purposely distort reality. Any alteration on reality has dangerous implications, because it will create cognitive dissonance with reality. Photoshopping (another term for photo-editing) has become so advanced that most people cannot tell if a photo has been edited, and some people may be influenced to strive for and/or believe false information that the edited photo is displaying. Visual memory is the human mind's strongest memory component, meaning people are more likely to recall an event based on visual proof versus auditory story telling. <ref>http://www.unisci.com/stories/20013/0726014.htm</ref>
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Photo-editing can be harmful because it is a powerful tool that can be used to deceive people. The most apparent issue with photo-editing comes from the magazine industry. Celebrities, typically women, who grace the pages of media publications are usually photoshopped into the extreme ideal of perfection. In most women's magazines today, all of the models on the covers and advertisements are portraying a world with no blemishes, even skin tones, small waist, large breast, highly whitened teeth, and no body-fat. This type of content sets a standard for women that is impossible to maintain. Such physical representations can have negative psychological effects on women, and especially young women. By applying the theory of social comparison, people will compare themselves with the photo edited image of their favorite celebrity or model and it may decrease their self-esteem and body satisfaction.
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Photoshopped images are already impacting many people today. Currently, 7 million women in the United States suffer from eating disorders alone and 50% of girls between the ages of 11 and 13 believe they are overweight. <ref>http://www.state.sc.us/dmh/anorexia/statistics.htm</ref>. Having more photoshopped images could pressure more women and young girls to develop further eating disorder developments and increase the pressure to match the perfect body that mass media displays.
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Even when it is known that a photo has been edited, which is often the case when photos are used to mock individuals, the consequences can still be ethically questionable. For uneducated audiences, altered photos may take on the appearance of truth. This has the potential to cause problems when people use what they have learned from these pictures and apply it to real life situations. This type of photo editing is often times used to slander various religious groups, ethnic groups, and the LBGT community.  
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Photo editing programs such as Adobe Photoshop and other image editing programs within photo taking equipment, such as cameras, also have privacy implications. Unknown to many users, photo editing cameras and other programs are able to embed certain information within pictures and movies. For example, if a person were to take a picture with a camera, certain information about the owner can be put within the photo. If one were to get a hold of that picture, that person find this embedded information within the picture. This could leave to compromising information of the user being put into the public domain. This same thing occasionally has been found to occur in photo editing programs as well. When a picture is edited, information about the users is put within the photo. When this picture reaches the public domain through online sites such as Flickr and Facebook, other people can find and interpret this information. This leads to information of the owner being released, without the owner knowing.
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==Taking A Stand Against Photoshop==
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Recently, several groups and companies have vocalized their discontent with photoshopped images. In response, they have come out with magazine covers, photo editorials and clothing advertisement campaigns featuring celebrities, models and people who are not photoshopped. In 2009, American Glamour Magazine ran a un-retouched photo starring model Lizzie Miller. The photo shows Miller sitting with her stomach and "a small roll of fat" displayed. It has received positive responses from many women. <ref>http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1210814/Lizzie-Millers-Glamour-magazine-shoot-How-models-picture-shook-world-flabby-tummy-all.html</ref>
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===Tina Fey===
 
===Tina Fey===
 +
American comedian Tina Fey has advocated for a middle of the road approach to Photoshop, writing in her memoir "Bossypants:"''Fey believes that the usage of Photoshop reflects society's high beauty standards but it can be used if needed. <ref>[http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/show/370374 "Quote by Tina Fey: "I feel about Photoshp the way some people feel about..."] Goodreads. 12 Apr 2017.</ref>'' Fey also cites several magazines as having a sensible approach to photo manipulation such as Bust Magazine using photo editing to enhance the lighting. She contrasts this approach with her InStyle cover in which part of her torso was removed to make her appear slimmer<ref>Littlejohn, Georgina. [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Ftvshowbiz%2Farticle-1367528%2FPhotoshop-mishap-Tina-Fey-comedy-actress-gets-chop-US-InStyle-cover.html&ei=4n7tTqDVH-r40gGzoOXgCg&usg=AFQjCNG8fkJZut3V6yogWhfVYzDxDkonew&sig2=vrsK7Q2emXskWZyWWeE2KA "Photoshop mishap for Tina Fey..."]  Daily Mail. 18 March 2011. Retrieved on 12 April 2017</ref>.
  
American comedian Tina Fey has advocated for a middle of the road approach to photoshop, writing in her memoir "Bossypants:"
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===British Legislatures===
 +
After a beauty ad featuring wrinkle-free Twiggy, British legislators voiced their desire to ban the use of Photoshop for advertisements whose target audiences were under 16 years of age. Jo Swinson, then-member of the British parliament, commented on the harmful effects unrealistic beauty standards can have on young girls and that banning airbrushing in advertising would lessen the beauty related pressures many girls feel. <ref>North, Anna. [http://jezebel.com/5328736/british-lawmakers-take-stand-against-photoshop "British Lawmakers Take Stand Against Photoshop."] Jezebel. 3 Aug 2011. Retrieved on Apr 12 2017. </ref>
  
''“I feel about Photoshop the way some people feel about abortion. It is appalling and a tragic reflection on the moral decay of our society…unless I need it, in which case, everybody be cool.<ref>http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/show/370374/</ref>''
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===Domino's Pizza===
 +
Domino's has started a Totally Real Talk Campaign, that exposes the process of what pizzas have to go through before getting photographed for promotional materials. Some companies have staged their photos with nails, blowtorches, or steam guns on their pizzas before shooting. Dominos has announced that they are only going to be photographing pizzas that come straight from their ovens, with no staging or altering. <ref>Johnston, Maura. [http://www.theawl.com/2010/07/dominos-taking-brave-stand-in-the-war-against-photoshop "Domino’s Taking Brave Stand In The War Against Photoshop."] The Awl. 7 July 2010. Retrieved on 12 April 2017. </ref>
  
She goes on to say that several magazines with a sensible approach to photo manipulation, like Bust<ref>www.bustmagazine.com</ref> simply make it look like one was photographed in great light on a great day. She contrasts this appraoch to more extreme examples, like her recent InStyle cover in which a noticebale chunk of her torso was removed in an attempt to make her slimmer<ref>http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Ftvshowbiz%2Farticle-1367528%2FPhotoshop-mishap-Tina-Fey-comedy-actress-gets-chop-US-InStyle-cover.html&ei=4n7tTqDVH-r40gGzoOXgCg&usg=AFQjCNG8fkJZut3V6yogWhfVYzDxDkonew&sig2=vrsK7Q2emXskWZyWWeE2KA</ref>.
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=== No retouching ad campaigns ===
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In 2004, [[Wikipedia:Dove|Dove]] launched a marketing campaign titled Dove Campaign for Real Beauty. The purpose of the campaign was to help build self-esteem for women to be comfortable with themselves and to celebrate the female body no matter the shape or size. Dove released a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hibyAJOSW8U commercial] showcasing the power of photo editing and stating ''"No wonder our perception of beauty is distorted"'' in the video.
  
===British Law===
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[[File:reald.png|thumb|An underwear ad as part of the campaign remarked as being photo edited.]]
After a beauty ad showing a wrinkle-free Twiggy, the British lawmakers announced that they wanted to ban the use of photoshop for image retouching on ads that were geared towards those under 16. "Today's unrealistic idea of what is beautiful means that young girls are under more pressure now than they were even five years ago. Airbrushing means that adverts contain completely unattainable perfect images no one can live up to in real life. We need to help protect children from these pressures and we need to make a start by banning airbrushing in adverts aimed at them." <ref>http://jezebel.com/5328736/british-lawmakers-take-stand-against-photoshop</ref>
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Some of the pictures that were included in the campaign were argued to be edited. A spokesperson from Dove responded to these claims by admitting that some small correcting and adjustments were made to the women but that it didn't create an unrealistic or unattainable view of beauty.<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/the_thread/brandnewday/archives/2008/05/an_experts_anal.html "An Experts Anal..."]</ref> Dove eventually elected to end their campaign due to a sharp decrease in sales growth. <ref>Morel, Lindsey, "The Effectiveness of the Dove Campaign for Real Beauty in Terms of Society and the Brand" (2009). Syracuse University Honors Program Capstone Projects. 480.</ref> The backlash reflected the consumer attitudes towards manipulation, suggesting that there is a strong desire for highly exaggerated depictions simply due to the fact that they represent what is considered beautiful.
  
===Keira Knightley===
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While the general public has been accepting of Dove's "Real Beauty" campaign, feminist sites and groups have exclaimed backlash. Many groups see Dove as not promoting "real" beauty but instead a socially scripted version of beauty. Some criticize Dove for a contradiction: putting more curvaceous, authentic looking models on their advertisements and yet producing a product that "firms" body parts. Jennifer L. Pozner from WIMN (Women in Media & News) wrote about how Dove's products perpetuate the stigma of aging as the products emphasize the effects of wrinkles and stretch marks aging has on the body, which Dove's products seeks to prevent. Richard Roeper, a columnist for the Chicago Sun Times, had a controversial response to the plus-size women in Dove's "Real Beauty" campaign, claiming that these kinds of women should not be featured in advertisments.<ref>Pozner, Jennifer L. [http://www.wimnonline.org/articles/dovebacklash.html "Dove's "Real Beauty" Backlash."] Women in Media & News. Retrieved on 11 Apr 2018.</ref>
In 2004, Keira's breast for the movie Pirates of the Caribbean were digitally enhanced. She was quoted in an interview saying "Those certainly weren't mine," for King Arthur in 2006. In the next Pirate's movie, The Duchess, she told the producers that she will not have her body altered in anyway for promotional movie posters.<ref>http://news.brothersoft.com/keira-knightley-takes-a-stand-against-photoshop-44374.html</ref>
+
  
===Domino's Pizza===
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===Glamour Magazine===
Domino's has started a Totally Real Talk Campaign, that exposes the process of what pizzas have to go through before getting photographed for promotional materials. Some companies have staged their photos with nails, blowtorches, or steam guns on there pizzas before shooting. Dominos has announced that they are only going to be photographing pizzas that come straight from their ovens, with no staging or altering. <ref>http://www.theawl.com/2010/07/dominos-taking-brave-stand-in-the-war-against-photoshop</ref>
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In a recent past issue, Glamour Magazine ran an un-retouched photo of model Lizze Miller. At a size 12-14, Miller sits photographed nude and showcases her curves. Lizzie was from San Jose and came to New York to become a plus-size model. She struggled with her body image as a child but she mentions that as she got older, she realized that it did not matter to her and began to carry herself with confidence.
  
=== Dove Campaign for Real Beauty ===
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The response has been huge and extremely positive. Women who saw Miller's photos appreciated the untouched, natural picture of a body they could relate to. Magazines rarely show women's physical imperfections of stretch marks and real body size. Lizzie mentions to Glamour that she flipped through pages to find a model that represented her the right way and only found confidence in herself when famous celebrities such as Beyonce and Jennifer Lopez were empowering women with curves. It is unclear whether Glamour Magazine will continue to include photos like these, but this photo continues to receive enthusiastic responses.<ref> Leive, Cindi. [http://www.glamour.com/health-fitness/blogs/vitamin-g/2009/08/on-the-cl-the-picture-you-cant.html "On the C.L.: The Picture You Can't Stop Talking About: Meet "the Woman on p. 194""] Glamour. 17 August 2009.</ref>
  
In 2004, [[Wikipedia:Dove|Dove]] launch a marketing campaign titled Dove Campaign for Real Beauty. The purpose of the campaign was to help build self-esteem for women to be comfortable with themselves and to celebrate the female body no matter the shape or size. Dove released a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hibyAJOSW8U commercial] showcasing the power of photo editing and stating ''"No wonder our perception of beauty is distorted"'' in the video.
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==Ethical Implications==
  
[[File:reald.png|thumb|An underwear ad as part of the campaign remarked as being photo edited.]]
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===Misinformation===
Some of the pictures that were included in the campaign were argued to be believe as photo edited. A spokesperson from Dove replied to the controversial statement,
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Although photo editing may be used to restore distorted or corrupted images, it can also be used to falsify information. Photo editing is often undetectable, making an altered image potentially deceiving to viewers, as visual memory is believed to be easier to recall than auditory memory. <ref>Blumberg, Joseph. [http://www.unisci.com/stories/20013/0726014.htm "Visual Memory Stronger Than Current Theory Has It." UniSci. 26 July 2001. 12 April 12 2017. ]</ref> Smith and Watson explain how one's representation of themselves or others can distort the authenticity of their actual self-representation.<ref> Smith, Sidonje. Watson, Julie. [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/maize/mpub9739969/1:12/--life-writing-in-the-long-run-a-smith-watson-autobiography?rgn=div1;view=fulltext "Authenticity in a virtual environment."] Retrieved on 11 Apr 2018.</ref> Through Photoshop methods, users have the ability to alter their images online thus changing their digital identity that is shown to the world. Photoshop techniques allow one to conform to idealized standards of what they should look like to society, and could hinder the originality and authenticity of one's true identity.
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===Propaganda===
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Because photo manipulation can alter the truth of an image, it is a popular method to spread propaganda. Photo editing can provide misleading or biased information to promote a particular political cause or point of view. Cropping, removing or adding subjects, and enhancing features in a photograph are some of the ways a photo could be used to falsify information and influence the masses. Sometimes, photographs do even need to be photoshopped to be disputed. After President Trump's inaguration, the photo taken by Reuters of the inauguration crowd that showed gaps in the crowd at the back, was claimed as "alternative facts" by a White House aid <ref>Frisk, Adam. “Here's Why the Picture of Donald Trump's Inauguration Did Not Undersell Crowd Size.” Global News, 24 Jan. 2017, [https://globalnews.ca/news/3199200/donald-trump-inauguration-alternative-facts-photos-crowd-size/ https://globalnews.ca/news/3199200/donald-trump-inauguration-alternative-facts-photos-crowd-size/]. </ref>. In retaliation to comments comparing the size of the crowd to that of former president Obama's inauguration, former Press Secretary Sean Spicer pointed to the increased availability of streaming devices that allowed "tens of millions" of people to watch online.<ref>Trotta, Daniel. “Crowd Controversy: The Making of an Inauguration Day Photo.” Reuters, Thomson Reuters, 24 Jan. 2017, [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-inauguration-image/crowd-controversy-the-making-of-an-inauguration-day-photo-idUSKBN1572VU https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-inauguration-image/crowd-controversy-the-making-of-an-inauguration-day-photo-idUSKBN1572VU]. </ref>
  
:''“We have made the commitment not to distort any of our images to create an unrealistic or unattainable view of beauty. As we have said, this does not mean we do absolutely nothing to the images to make them suitable for printing. There is always something that needs a bit of adjustment to meet professional standards - even in the best run photo shoot with the best photographers. Removing or correcting these things does not mean that people don't see the woman as she really is and does not change our commitment to real women.”'' <ref>http://www.businessweek.com/the_thread/brandnewday/archives/2008/05/an_experts_anal.html</ref>
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===Body Dysmorphia===
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Public figures are often photoshopped in published media, such as magazines and ad campaigns. A majority of women's magazines enhance the appearance of models, including alteration of skin tone, waistline, breast size, and teeth whiteness. According to the theory of social comparison, it is common for viewers of this content, especially younger women in their teens and twenties, to compare themselves to edited photos of celebrities and models, which has been linked to decreased self-esteem and perception of body image. Currently, 7 million women in the United States suffer from eating disorders and 50% of girls between the ages of 11 and 13 believe they are overweight.<ref>[http://www.state.sc.us/dmh/anorexia/statistics.htm "Eating Disorder Statistics."] South Carolina Department of Psychological Health. 12 April 2017. </ref> Even in cases where an individual is aware that a photo has been edited, photo editing can produce harmful effects. In 2011, the American Medical Association released a statement against Photoshop of bodies in advertising, stating that unrealistic body images continuously created and shown by the media contribute to eating disorders and other child and adolescent health problems."<ref> Carmon, Irin. [https://jezebel.com/5814439/magazines-adopt-policy-against-photoshop-in-advertising "American Medical Association Adopts Policy Against Photoshop In Advertising."] Jezebel. 22 June 2011. Retrieved on 11 Apr. 2018.</ref>
  
Dove eventually elected to end their campaign due to a sharp decrease in sales growth<ref>http://www.hubmagazine.com/archives/the_hub/2008/may_jun/the_hub24_womanwise.pdf</ref>. This is a strong indication on actual consumer attitudes toward photo manipulation, suggesting that there is a strong expectation and desire for highly exaggerated depictions of the effects products will have on physical beauty.
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In a recent study, 33% of the women thought their ideal body was not achievable. When realizing the detrimental effects these applications have on women’s body image, it is time to consider what role technology plays in this.<ref>Vagianos, Alanna.[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/27/photoshop-survey-women_n_4350263.html "Survey proves we still really need to talk about Photoshop."] Huffington Post. 27 November 2013. Retrieved on 11 April 2018.</ref> The capability of the program to perform body changes perpetuates the stigma that body’s are imperfect and should be altered to fit standards. The continuous use of these programs instill values of perfection, manifesting in body image issues and ultimately serious problems such as eating disorders, bullying, and even suicide. Since celebrities have used these programs to enhance their image for such a long time, the norm is to not promote one's natural figure. While there are many other features on the programs, we have chosen to use it for body alteration to fit the norm.
  
====Public Response====
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===Race===
While the general public has been accepting of Dove's "Real Beauty" campaign, feminist sites and groups have exclaimed backlash. Many groups see Dove as not promoting "real" beauty but instead a socially scripted version of beauty. Some criticize Dove for a contradiction: putting more curvaceous, authentic looking models on their advertisements and yet producing a product that "firms" body parts. As Jennifer L. Pozner from WIMN (Women in Media & News)writes:
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Another ethical implication of altering one's image through photoshopping methods is imposing an aspirational image of one's self. When someone alters their skin tone, hair color, body shape those changes signify how they want to perceive themselves. These changes can be harmful as users have the option to be seen as someone they are not. When posting these images on social media or using them in commercial advertisements, users are showing others an image of themselves that they would like others to see them as. This imposes ethical implications because an aspirational self-image can be a misrepresentation of someone true self and how they want others to see them. Many times magazines alter the color of the skin of a darker-skinned woman, so they can be seen as "whiter", conforming to the Euro-centric beauty ideal that lighter skin is better skin. <ref>Booth, Jessica. [http://www.gurl.com/2015/02/06/times-magazines-accused-of-photoshopping-lightening-celebrity-skin-white-washing/#1 10 Times Magazines were accused of using photo editing to make skin lighter.] 6 Feb. 2015</ref>. Celebrities such as [[Wikipedia:Kerry Washington|Kerry Washington]], [[Wikipedia:Lupita Nyong'o|Lupita Nyong'o]], and [[Wikipedia:Aishwarya Rai|Aishwarya Rai]] have had their cover photos for magazines such as Marie Claire, InStyle, and Vogue white washed the skin color of these women, making their skin multiple shades lighter than it actually is.
  
''"Dove's attempts are profoundly limited by a product line that comes with its own underlying philosophy: cellulite is unsightly, women's natural aging process is shameful, and flabby thighs are flawed and must be fixed … oh, so conveniently by Dove's newest lotion."''
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In the journal Psychology of Women Quarterly, a researcher commented that the research showed spending more time reading magazines and on Facebook is associated with greater self-objectification among young women. This behavior and mentality affects relationships between women because the behavior of comparing their appearance to others is reinforced. At the University of New South Wales, a survey was done with 150 women aged 17-25. They found that these women spend an average of two hours a day on Facebook, checking the sites every few hours.  They then found that Facebook users compare their own images to those of their peers rather than images of family members. These self-comparisons are detrimental as women see themselves as an observer and start to post fewer photos of themselves on Facebook as they feel insecure. <ref> Nauert, Rick. [https://psychcentral.com/news/2015/04/20/young-women-compare-themselves-on-social-media/83713.html 20 April 2015. "Young Women Compare Themselves on Social Media."] Retrieved 14 April 2017. </ref>
  
Richard Roeper, columnist for the Chicago Sun Times, reacted fearfully to these women. Referencing these "chunky women", Roeper found "these Dove ads a little unsettling. If I want to see plump gals baring too much skin, I'll go to Taste of Chicago, OK?". The backlash continues.
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===Identity===
 
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Photo editing tools are used to present an altered version of one's identity online. Social media platforms act as a stage for users to present the best versions of themselves to their followers. Users edit photos to their liking and only post specific experiences they want to share with their followers. By not exposing the whole truth about themselves, users do not accurately represent their online identities. Users are developing their own "online" and "offline" identities. <ref> “Chapter 5 - Informational Friction.” The 4th Revolution, by Luciano Floridi, Oxford University Press, 2014. </ref>
===Glamour Magazine===
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In a recent past issue, Glamour Magazine decided to run a unretouched photo of model Lizze Miller. At a comfortable and healthy size 12-14, Miller sits photographed nude with curves that every woman naturally has.
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The response has been huge and extremely positive. One woman from Georgia exclaimed: ''"the most amazing photograph I've ever seen in any women's magazine"''. Another from Massachusetts said: ''"his beautiful woman has a real stomach and did I even see a few stretch marks? This is how my belly looks after giving birth to my two amazing kids! This photo made me want to shout from the rooftops."'' It is unclear whether Glamour Magazine will continue to include photos like these, but this photo continues to pour in enthusiastic responses.
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<ref>http://www.glamour.com/health-fitness/blogs/vitamin-g/2009/08/on-the-cl-the-picture-you-cant.html</ref>
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==References==
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==External Links==
 
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*[http://listverse.com/2007/10/19/top-15-manipulated-photographs/ Top 15 Manipulated Photographs]
 
*[http://listverse.com/2007/10/19/top-15-manipulated-photographs/ Top 15 Manipulated Photographs]
  
[[Category: Media Content]]
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==References==
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[[Category: Media Content]]
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[[Category:GoldStar]]
 
([[Topics|back to index]])
 
([[Topics|back to index]])

Latest revision as of 14:22, 25 April 2018

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The original photo is on the left with three edited versions to the right of the original.
P
hoto Editing
is the alteration of an image through a computer software program or mobile application, or the automatic enhancement of an image by modern digital camera options. Artistic photo enhancement has increased in popularity as computer software built for pixel alteration has become more available and user-friendly. Due to the increasing difficulty in identifying the point at which a photo has been edited, ethical concerns have spawned from photo alteration, particularly when used as false evidence. With the ubiquity of photo enhancements, there has been an increased interest in truth in photography. The increasing quality of mobile photography has also introduced a wide range of photo editing apps which can apply color and lighting effects, change facial features, add the appearance of makeup, and delete objects in the background, among other effects.

Background

The first photo editing was in 1860. A photo of American president Abraham Lincoln was edited using body parts from others. Photo Editing continued in the 19th century when photographs were first put on glass and tin plates. These photos were altered using a variety of methods: ink, scratching, airbrushing. To edit negatives, one pieced photos together in the darkroom. Today, the term "photoshopping" is used as a metonym for photo editing, lending its name from the professional raster effects computer program, Adobe Photoshop.[1]

Examples

Pre-Digital Era

Before the release of Photoshop, photos were usually edited through a physical process. This often involved cutting and pasting to fix elements in the photograph rather than digital manipulation of colors or shapes as the software allows today. [2] Since film photographs had to be developed through a physical process, the negatives could be combined to form composite images that were then printed onto paper. [3].

First Edited Photo

The first notable edited photo came in 1860, shortly after Niepce invented the photograph. It was a composition of President Abraham Lincoln's head on the body of John Calhoun.

Lincoln121.jpg

Ulysses S. Grant Portrait

An 1864 photo depicts General Ulysses S. Grant during the American Civil War, but was created using three different photos combined together. C1864-Grant.jpg

General Sherman

Historical-war-generals-edited-photo.jpg
In a photo of General Sherman in 1865 with all of his generals, one of the generals was subsequently added in at a later date.

Benito Mussolini

In 1942, Benito Mussolini had his horse trainer removed from the picture in order to appear more heroic.[4]

Mussolini12.jpg

Oprah

In 1989, Oprah's head was placed on a body from an advertisement for a gown. This was done by physically cutting and pasting the images together. Neither the gown designer nor Oprah were notified about this before the ad went public.[5]

Aug1989-Oprah.jpg

Digital Photo Editing

Digital photos are stored on computers in the form of a grid containing elements known as pixels. Each pixel contains a color specified by three numbers, a red green and blue value. Combining these three color values produces the color desired. Modern photo editing programs such as Adobe Photoshop or Corel's Paint Shop Pro are programmed to allow the users to change the information of each pixel individually or in large clusters.

Techniques

Cropping

Cropping is used to show only a selection of the picture by deleting pixels and reducing the image size. It is primarily used to focus the attention of a viewer on a particular portion of the image or to remove unwanted subjects. Cropping can change the context of a scene or remove information from a photo.

Color Manipulation

Color manipulation can be applied to the entire image or selective parts. It can be used to increase or decrease saturation, hue, or brightness to achieve certain effects. In popular media, color manipulation has been used to alter skin tones and hair color to achieve an ad's desired effect, such as lighter or tanned skin and brighter, shinier hair.

A cosmetic ad that lightened musical artist Beyonce's skin tone.

Liquify

The Liquify tool is a tool in Adobe Photoshop. It allows user to distort pixels without losing their quality. This filter allows users to push, pull, rotate, reflect, pucker, and bloat the pixels of any image. Changeable properties with the Liquify filter are Forward Warp, Reconstruct, Twirl, Pucker, Bloat, Push, Mirror, Turbulence, Freeze / Thaw Mask, Hand and Zoom. [6]

Noise Reduction

Noise Reduction can be applied in order to get rid of small particles and small details in an image. By using this technique, it allows the original picture to become cleaner and is a tool often used to remove minuscule unwanted pixels in an image. [7]

Software

Photoshop

Photoshop is one of the components of Adobe's Creative Cloud. It offers many different features such as cropping, burning, and liquify. It is one of the more popular software options for more advanced users. Though it is not the most user friendly piece of software, Adobe's website offers many tutorials on how to perform certain actions on photos.

iPhoto

iPhoto, found on Mac computers, is the storage spot for photographs on Mac computers. Users can upload their photos from the internet or from their storage device (SD card, cell phone, etc.), sort them into albums based on event, location, or faces, and perform simple edits. When uploading images from one's mobile devices, the software uses the geo-tag attached to the photo to sort the photo according to location. The software also has the ability to recognize faces and sorts photographs based on who appears in them as well.

On iPhoto, users can crop and rotate images. They can also adjust color schemes, add filters, and sharpen images. One limitation of the software is that one cannot add or remove features of a photo, which one can do with Photoshop and other paid or more advanced software.

Photo Editing and Social Media

Photo editing has become more prevalent with the rise of social media and mobile photography.

Picnik

Picnik is a web-based photo editing service that allowed users to perform edits such as cropping, straightening, contrast and saturation adjustments, among others. Users can add text boxes and illustrations to their photos from Picnik's library of fonts and illustrations. The service was shut down on April 19, 2013.[8]

Instagram

The image-based social media platform Instagram popularized mobile versions of photo-editing. Instagram's native editing tools include cropping, straightening, adjusting brightness and contrast, and enhancing sharpening and removing red-eye. Instagram also popularized quick color effects for photos called filters. Third-party apps were developed for Instagram users to further edit photos. These include: Planoly, a mobile application used to plan out an Instagram feed,

VSCO

VSCO, "Visual Supply Company," is a mobile app that allows users to apply various color effects to their photos to evoke vintage film processing techniques for which their effects are named for. In addition, users have to ability to change the brightness, enhance certain features, color the photo, or make it look as if it was taken on a disposable camera. Users favor the filters that make their photos look older as younger generations are growing more interested in old "vintage" styles.

Facetune

Facetune is a mobile app that allows users to digitally retouch their photos using various tools, such as blur, liquify, and hue adjustments. The app is designed to edit "selfies" (self-portraits) with the ability to whiten teeth, remove blemishes, alter eye and hair color, and reduce wrinkles. In 2018, Facetune became the number-one paid application in the App Store. Given the success of the app, developers rolled out a second version of the app, Facetune 2, that offers different features like the ability to widen the eyes and smile, replace backgrounds, and tweak features while users take photos, not after. These features are offered in addition to the classic features offered on the original app.

Afterlight

Afterlight is a photo editing app that allows users to edit photographs through the use of advanced tools, overlays, artwork and text, and filters. Some of the advanced tools include curves, selective hue/saturation, clarify, and tone, allowing users to alter the shape and color of the photograph.[9]

BeautyPlus, BeautyCam, and SelfieCity

BeautyPlus, BeautyCam, and SelfieCity are mobile apps that are owned by Meitu, Inc. Users can beautify their themselves using editing tools that smooth out their skin, enhance their features, and brighten their eyes. These apps are installed on more than one billion phones and are especially popular in China. Meitu's apps generate six billion photos per month, and more than half of the selfies posted in China are edited with a Meitu app. [10]

Controversy and Backlash

University of Wisconsin Madison modifies brochure image to promote diversity
The original photo is featured on the left, and the edited photo is on the right.

University of Wisconsin at Madison

University of Wisconsin at Madison wanted to portray student diversity in one of its brochures by inserting an African-American student, Diallo Shabazz, in a crowd of white students. He was unaware that he was included in this photo until a counselor let him know. The photo was widely used and represented the falsely constructed sense of diversity created by college administrations. The original photograph (right) was taken in 1993 and the additional student in the photograph to the left was added from a picture taken in 1994.

Lebanon War Photographs

In 2006, Reuters, a news agency in New York, was caught publishing altered photos of the Lebanon War. Reuters fired photographer Adnan Hajj, who used a software editing program to manipulate many of his war photos. CAMERA, a pro-Israel media watch organization, said that the alleged photographic manipulations were used as propaganda by the mainstream media in an attempt to sway public opinion and paint Israel as an aggressor, suggesting that Israel was guilty of targeting civilians. Manipulations included adding and darkening smoke to a building recently attacked and adding missiles to a picture of a fighter firing a flare.[11]A film released on YouTube compares the two images, pointing out the striking similarities between the photograph used by Reuters on both July 24 and August 5. [12]

Microsoft edits image in Poland

2009 Microsoft Photograph

In 2009, an image in a Microsoft Corporation advertisement was edited to transform the face of a black man into the face of a white man. On the US Microsoft website, the photo features one asian, one black, and one white person. On the Polish Microsoft website, the black man was replaced by a white man. This alteration in the photo triggered an enormous amount of discussion in the online community. Online bloggers and commentators wondered if the change was racially motivated or not.[13] Some people suggested that the Polish image was changed so that the man in the photo would resemble their own country's people more.

H&M's virtual models

H&M

H&M, a popular clothing store, has recently been under fire for their clothing ads. H&M places computer-generated bodies under real models' heads[14]. This head-body disconnect was noticed by a Norway company, [3], a site that identifies photos that have been edited. H&M has since admitted to using computer-image bodies and converging them with a model's head. They maintain that they used this questionable practice to steer their customers' attention away from the model and towards the articles of clothing.[15]

H&M recently issued a response, defending its decision to use digitally-generated bodies. They do not regret their decision, instead they compare the using of virtual bodies to using mannequins in retail stores. [16] H&M also claims that they did this because they were not pleased with the models that auditioned to model H&M clothes for their various campaigns. [17]

Aerie Real

Four years ago, American Eagle's brand Aerie launched the #AerieReal campaign that pledges to not retouch models in underwear and bathing suit advertisements to get rid of cellulite, stretch marks and rolls [18]. In the latest edition of the campaign, Aerie brought 4 notable women to be the face of the campaign; Aly Raisman, Yara Shahidi, Rachel Platten, and Iskra Lawrence. The pictures of these women together show no sign of editing and demonstrate a natural, real body. [19] The attention this campaign has drawn pushed its effort from a product campaign to a movement focused on empowering women and promoting positive, realistic body standards [20].
Ralph Lauren Model photoshopped

Ralph Lauren

Ralph Lauren photoshoppers severely edited an image of model Filippa Hamilton. The public has severely criticized the company for its extreme use of digital manipulation on Hamilton, who is five-foot-ten and 120 pounds. This advertisement campaign sparked much controversy because it presents a distorted body image by medical standards. It gained a lot of media attention, particularly because Hamilton's waist was edited to be a smaller width than her head. Ralph Lauren's actions can have negative implications on women and young girls and their perception of their bodies and body images. They have since fired Hamilton for reportedly being too fat [21].

"It doesn't matter who we are... what matters is our plan. No one cared who I was until I put on the mask."

Tina Fey

American comedian Tina Fey has advocated for a middle of the road approach to Photoshop, writing in her memoir "Bossypants:"Fey believes that the usage of Photoshop reflects society's high beauty standards but it can be used if needed. [22] Fey also cites several magazines as having a sensible approach to photo manipulation such as Bust Magazine using photo editing to enhance the lighting. She contrasts this approach with her InStyle cover in which part of her torso was removed to make her appear slimmer[23].

British Legislatures

After a beauty ad featuring wrinkle-free Twiggy, British legislators voiced their desire to ban the use of Photoshop for advertisements whose target audiences were under 16 years of age. Jo Swinson, then-member of the British parliament, commented on the harmful effects unrealistic beauty standards can have on young girls and that banning airbrushing in advertising would lessen the beauty related pressures many girls feel. [24]

Domino's Pizza

Domino's has started a Totally Real Talk Campaign, that exposes the process of what pizzas have to go through before getting photographed for promotional materials. Some companies have staged their photos with nails, blowtorches, or steam guns on their pizzas before shooting. Dominos has announced that they are only going to be photographing pizzas that come straight from their ovens, with no staging or altering. [25]

No retouching ad campaigns

In 2004, Dove launched a marketing campaign titled Dove Campaign for Real Beauty. The purpose of the campaign was to help build self-esteem for women to be comfortable with themselves and to celebrate the female body no matter the shape or size. Dove released a commercial showcasing the power of photo editing and stating "No wonder our perception of beauty is distorted" in the video.

An underwear ad as part of the campaign remarked as being photo edited.

Some of the pictures that were included in the campaign were argued to be edited. A spokesperson from Dove responded to these claims by admitting that some small correcting and adjustments were made to the women but that it didn't create an unrealistic or unattainable view of beauty.[26] Dove eventually elected to end their campaign due to a sharp decrease in sales growth. [27] The backlash reflected the consumer attitudes towards manipulation, suggesting that there is a strong desire for highly exaggerated depictions simply due to the fact that they represent what is considered beautiful.

While the general public has been accepting of Dove's "Real Beauty" campaign, feminist sites and groups have exclaimed backlash. Many groups see Dove as not promoting "real" beauty but instead a socially scripted version of beauty. Some criticize Dove for a contradiction: putting more curvaceous, authentic looking models on their advertisements and yet producing a product that "firms" body parts. Jennifer L. Pozner from WIMN (Women in Media & News) wrote about how Dove's products perpetuate the stigma of aging as the products emphasize the effects of wrinkles and stretch marks aging has on the body, which Dove's products seeks to prevent. Richard Roeper, a columnist for the Chicago Sun Times, had a controversial response to the plus-size women in Dove's "Real Beauty" campaign, claiming that these kinds of women should not be featured in advertisments.[28]

Glamour Magazine

In a recent past issue, Glamour Magazine ran an un-retouched photo of model Lizze Miller. At a size 12-14, Miller sits photographed nude and showcases her curves. Lizzie was from San Jose and came to New York to become a plus-size model. She struggled with her body image as a child but she mentions that as she got older, she realized that it did not matter to her and began to carry herself with confidence.

The response has been huge and extremely positive. Women who saw Miller's photos appreciated the untouched, natural picture of a body they could relate to. Magazines rarely show women's physical imperfections of stretch marks and real body size. Lizzie mentions to Glamour that she flipped through pages to find a model that represented her the right way and only found confidence in herself when famous celebrities such as Beyonce and Jennifer Lopez were empowering women with curves. It is unclear whether Glamour Magazine will continue to include photos like these, but this photo continues to receive enthusiastic responses.[29]

Ethical Implications

Misinformation

Although photo editing may be used to restore distorted or corrupted images, it can also be used to falsify information. Photo editing is often undetectable, making an altered image potentially deceiving to viewers, as visual memory is believed to be easier to recall than auditory memory. [30] Smith and Watson explain how one's representation of themselves or others can distort the authenticity of their actual self-representation.[31] Through Photoshop methods, users have the ability to alter their images online thus changing their digital identity that is shown to the world. Photoshop techniques allow one to conform to idealized standards of what they should look like to society, and could hinder the originality and authenticity of one's true identity.

Propaganda

Because photo manipulation can alter the truth of an image, it is a popular method to spread propaganda. Photo editing can provide misleading or biased information to promote a particular political cause or point of view. Cropping, removing or adding subjects, and enhancing features in a photograph are some of the ways a photo could be used to falsify information and influence the masses. Sometimes, photographs do even need to be photoshopped to be disputed. After President Trump's inaguration, the photo taken by Reuters of the inauguration crowd that showed gaps in the crowd at the back, was claimed as "alternative facts" by a White House aid [32]. In retaliation to comments comparing the size of the crowd to that of former president Obama's inauguration, former Press Secretary Sean Spicer pointed to the increased availability of streaming devices that allowed "tens of millions" of people to watch online.[33]

Body Dysmorphia

Public figures are often photoshopped in published media, such as magazines and ad campaigns. A majority of women's magazines enhance the appearance of models, including alteration of skin tone, waistline, breast size, and teeth whiteness. According to the theory of social comparison, it is common for viewers of this content, especially younger women in their teens and twenties, to compare themselves to edited photos of celebrities and models, which has been linked to decreased self-esteem and perception of body image. Currently, 7 million women in the United States suffer from eating disorders and 50% of girls between the ages of 11 and 13 believe they are overweight.[34] Even in cases where an individual is aware that a photo has been edited, photo editing can produce harmful effects. In 2011, the American Medical Association released a statement against Photoshop of bodies in advertising, stating that unrealistic body images continuously created and shown by the media contribute to eating disorders and other child and adolescent health problems."[35]

In a recent study, 33% of the women thought their ideal body was not achievable. When realizing the detrimental effects these applications have on women’s body image, it is time to consider what role technology plays in this.[36] The capability of the program to perform body changes perpetuates the stigma that body’s are imperfect and should be altered to fit standards. The continuous use of these programs instill values of perfection, manifesting in body image issues and ultimately serious problems such as eating disorders, bullying, and even suicide. Since celebrities have used these programs to enhance their image for such a long time, the norm is to not promote one's natural figure. While there are many other features on the programs, we have chosen to use it for body alteration to fit the norm.

Race

Another ethical implication of altering one's image through photoshopping methods is imposing an aspirational image of one's self. When someone alters their skin tone, hair color, body shape those changes signify how they want to perceive themselves. These changes can be harmful as users have the option to be seen as someone they are not. When posting these images on social media or using them in commercial advertisements, users are showing others an image of themselves that they would like others to see them as. This imposes ethical implications because an aspirational self-image can be a misrepresentation of someone true self and how they want others to see them. Many times magazines alter the color of the skin of a darker-skinned woman, so they can be seen as "whiter", conforming to the Euro-centric beauty ideal that lighter skin is better skin. [37]. Celebrities such as Kerry Washington, Lupita Nyong'o, and Aishwarya Rai have had their cover photos for magazines such as Marie Claire, InStyle, and Vogue white washed the skin color of these women, making their skin multiple shades lighter than it actually is.

In the journal Psychology of Women Quarterly, a researcher commented that the research showed spending more time reading magazines and on Facebook is associated with greater self-objectification among young women. This behavior and mentality affects relationships between women because the behavior of comparing their appearance to others is reinforced. At the University of New South Wales, a survey was done with 150 women aged 17-25. They found that these women spend an average of two hours a day on Facebook, checking the sites every few hours. They then found that Facebook users compare their own images to those of their peers rather than images of family members. These self-comparisons are detrimental as women see themselves as an observer and start to post fewer photos of themselves on Facebook as they feel insecure. [38]

Identity

Photo editing tools are used to present an altered version of one's identity online. Social media platforms act as a stage for users to present the best versions of themselves to their followers. Users edit photos to their liking and only post specific experiences they want to share with their followers. By not exposing the whole truth about themselves, users do not accurately represent their online identities. Users are developing their own "online" and "offline" identities. [39]

External Links

References

  1. Wikipedia: Photo manipulation
  2. Zhang, Michael. How Photographers 'Photoshopped' Their Pictures Back in 1946.PetaPixel, 8 May 2013.
  3. Uren, Amanda. "1850s-1950s Photoshop before Photoshop" Mashable. 19 February 2015.
  4. "Famously Doctored Photographs." Retrieved on 11 Apr. 2018.
  5. Garber, Megan. “Oprah's Head, Ann-Margaret's Body: A Brief History of Pre-Photoshop Fakery.” The Atlantic. 11 June 2012.
  6. Guzman, Alvaro. "A Comprehensive Guide to Photoshop's Liquify Tool", 20 May 2010. Retrieved on 17 April 2017.
  7. Wikipedia - Image Editing [1]
  8. Picnic [2]
  9. Apple Store Website https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/afterlight-2/id1293122457?mt=8
  10. Fan, Jiayang. “China's Selfie Obsession.” The New Yorker, The New Yorker, 11 Dec. 2017, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/12/18/chinas-selfie-obsession
  11. Hollander, Ricki. "Updated: A Reprise: Media Photo Manipulation." 8 August 2006. Retrieved on 17 April 2017.
  12. x122mail. "Reuters Faked Photos", YouTube, 6 August 2006. Retrieved on 17 April 2017.
  13. Heussner, Ki Mae. "11 Photo-Editing Flubs: Ralph Lauren Ad Sparks Controversy." ABC News. 8 October 2009. Retrieved on 17 April 2017.
  14. Krupnick, Ellie. "H&M Uses Fake Bodies with Real Heads for Models (PHOTOS)". The Huffington Post. 06 December 2011. Retrieved on 17 April 2017.
  15. Pemberton, Becky. "H&M under fire for using 'completely virtual' models". The Sun. 06 December 2011. Retrieved on 17 April 2017.
  16. Kindelan, Katie. "Clothing Giant H&M Defends 'Perfect' Virtual Models". ABC News. 06 December 2011. Retrieved on 17 April 2017.
  17. Krupnick, Ellie. "H&M Uses Fake Bodies With Real Heads For Models (PHOTOS)". Huffington Post. 06 December 2011. Retrieved on 04 April 2018.
  18. "AerieReal Campaign" Retrieved on 11 Apr. 2018.
  19. Storm, Meg. "Yara Shahidi, Aly Raisman, Iskra Lawrence and Rachel Platten Star in Latest Unretouched #AerieREAL Campaign." US Magazine. 26 January 2018. Retrieved on 11 Apr 2018.
  20. Marsh, Ariana. "News Aerie Releases New Unretouched Campaign." Teen Vogue. 25 January 2018. Retrieved on 11 Apr 2018
  21. "Filippa Hamilton, Ralph Lauren's Retouched Model: I Was Fired For Being Too Fat (VIDEO)", The Huffington Post. 18 March 2010. Retrieved on 17 April 2017.
  22. "Quote by Tina Fey: "I feel about Photoshp the way some people feel about..." Goodreads. 12 Apr 2017.
  23. Littlejohn, Georgina. "Photoshop mishap for Tina Fey..." Daily Mail. 18 March 2011. Retrieved on 12 April 2017
  24. North, Anna. "British Lawmakers Take Stand Against Photoshop." Jezebel. 3 Aug 2011. Retrieved on Apr 12 2017.
  25. Johnston, Maura. "Domino’s Taking Brave Stand In The War Against Photoshop." The Awl. 7 July 2010. Retrieved on 12 April 2017.
  26. "An Experts Anal..."
  27. Morel, Lindsey, "The Effectiveness of the Dove Campaign for Real Beauty in Terms of Society and the Brand" (2009). Syracuse University Honors Program Capstone Projects. 480.
  28. Pozner, Jennifer L. "Dove's "Real Beauty" Backlash." Women in Media & News. Retrieved on 11 Apr 2018.
  29. Leive, Cindi. "On the C.L.: The Picture You Can't Stop Talking About: Meet "the Woman on p. 194"" Glamour. 17 August 2009.
  30. Blumberg, Joseph. "Visual Memory Stronger Than Current Theory Has It." UniSci. 26 July 2001. 12 April 12 2017.
  31. Smith, Sidonje. Watson, Julie. "Authenticity in a virtual environment." Retrieved on 11 Apr 2018.
  32. Frisk, Adam. “Here's Why the Picture of Donald Trump's Inauguration Did Not Undersell Crowd Size.” Global News, 24 Jan. 2017, https://globalnews.ca/news/3199200/donald-trump-inauguration-alternative-facts-photos-crowd-size/.
  33. Trotta, Daniel. “Crowd Controversy: The Making of an Inauguration Day Photo.” Reuters, Thomson Reuters, 24 Jan. 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-inauguration-image/crowd-controversy-the-making-of-an-inauguration-day-photo-idUSKBN1572VU.
  34. "Eating Disorder Statistics." South Carolina Department of Psychological Health. 12 April 2017.
  35. Carmon, Irin. "American Medical Association Adopts Policy Against Photoshop In Advertising." Jezebel. 22 June 2011. Retrieved on 11 Apr. 2018.
  36. Vagianos, Alanna."Survey proves we still really need to talk about Photoshop." Huffington Post. 27 November 2013. Retrieved on 11 April 2018.
  37. Booth, Jessica. 10 Times Magazines were accused of using photo editing to make skin lighter. 6 Feb. 2015
  38. Nauert, Rick. 20 April 2015. "Young Women Compare Themselves on Social Media." Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  39. “Chapter 5 - Informational Friction.” The 4th Revolution, by Luciano Floridi, Oxford University Press, 2014.

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