Difference between revisions of "Neurotechnology"
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| + | As further research and progress is made regarding neurotechnology, new applications are being explored : “biofeedback, sleep control, treatment of learning disorders, functional and stroke rehabilitation, and the use of brain signals as biomarkers for diagnosis of diseases or their progression” are some of the trending applications (source p 4). More recent commercial applications include neuromarketing and defense applications.(source p 4). BCIs ability to “induce cortical plasticity” has also led to development of potential therapeutic applications: reducing seizures, treating ADD and ADHD, improving cognitive function in elderly patients, managing pain, and more (source p 4). These newer applications are being introduced to broader markets than traditional, medical BCIs. (source p 4) | ||
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<h1> Ethical Implications </h1> | <h1> Ethical Implications </h1> | ||
Revision as of 04:03, 28 January 2022
Background
Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) connect a user's brain directly to a computer, enabling them to act with their mind, without using their muscles and nerves. They do so by detecting and interpreting neural activity [1]. First defined by Jonathan Wolpaw in the 1990s, noninvasive BCIs began gaining traction amongst the scientific community, looking to explore its potential capabilities. [2] After many scientists had contributed to discoveries of EEGs and electrical signals in the brain Jacques Vidal published his paper in 1973 “Toward Direct Brain-Computer Communications” which detailed the brain's ability to communicate with external devices. [3]
Current Applications
Medical Devices
Assistive Applications
These types of devices are employed to assist users who have lost function, by providing them with technological alternatives. Current forms of assistive applications include BCIs that enable users to communicate via “mental typing” and auditory assistance for those with neurodegenerative diseases that affect communication. Newer possibilities for assistive BCIs include the ability to control wheelchairs or similar devices. [4]
Rehabilitative Applications
These types of devices trigger neural plasticity which over time allow the users own neural pathways recover control over their limb. They function by detecting and interpreting a user's attempt or thought of movement, then artificially moving the limb with a robotic aid or by stimulation of the muscles. [5]
Civilian Devices
Direct to Consumer Products
Emergent Applications
As further research and progress is made regarding neurotechnology, new applications are being explored : “biofeedback, sleep control, treatment of learning disorders, functional and stroke rehabilitation, and the use of brain signals as biomarkers for diagnosis of diseases or their progression” are some of the trending applications (source p 4). More recent commercial applications include neuromarketing and defense applications.(source p 4). BCIs ability to “induce cortical plasticity” has also led to development of potential therapeutic applications: reducing seizures, treating ADD and ADHD, improving cognitive function in elderly patients, managing pain, and more (source p 4). These newer applications are being introduced to broader markets than traditional, medical BCIs. (source p 4)
Ethical Implications
Privacy
Autonomy
Hacking
Matrix of Domination
Distributive Justice
Normality
Identity
References
- ↑ Friedrich, Orsolya (2021). "Clinical Neurotechnology meets Artificial Intelligence". Retrieved January 25, 2022.
- ↑ Friedrich, Orsolya (2021). "Clinical Neurotechnology meets Artificial Intelligence". Retrieved January 25, 2022.
- ↑ Friedrich, Orsolya (2021). "Clinical Neurotechnology meets Artificial Intelligence". Retrieved January 25, 2022.
- ↑ Vlek, Rutger (June,2012). https://journals.lww.com/jnpt/FullText/2012/06000/Ethical_Issues_in_Brain_Computer_Interface.8.aspx?casa_token=C18A3mf2Y5EAAAAA:wwz9lj2qZSJCWAQFV4lR8-fmWUeidUMQ9CcznLLjfeV4UJQhRBKmbqGiR2Nw3jNeCJEPdXCo2bQs9X2WGWGgmQ2sK1wM "Ethical Issues in Brain–Computer Interface Research, Development, and Dissemination"]. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
- ↑ Vlek, Rutger (June,2012). https://journals.lww.com/jnpt/FullText/2012/06000/Ethical_Issues_in_Brain_Computer_Interface.8.aspx?casa_token=C18A3mf2Y5EAAAAA:wwz9lj2qZSJCWAQFV4lR8-fmWUeidUMQ9CcznLLjfeV4UJQhRBKmbqGiR2Nw3jNeCJEPdXCo2bQs9X2WGWGgmQ2sK1wM "Ethical Issues in Brain–Computer Interface Research, Development, and Dissemination"]. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
