Revision as of 06:57, 11 February 2022

Life360

Application Interface Life360 Type Location Sharing Service Launch Date 2008 Status Active Product Line Application Platform iOS, Android, Windows Website https://www.life360.com

Life360 is a location sharing application developed in 2008 by Chris Hulls in the aftermath of hurricane Katrina as a response to locate family members in all circumstances.^[1] The app has also been popularized and used to track the everyday movements of family members. There are various plans of membership available to users, ranging from free usage to a platinum membership for $19.99 per month^[2], with the more expensive plans containing the most features. The app has faced many criticisms from users and professionals alike, and has updated and added various features to address those critiques. As a company, Life360 has also faced many accusations regarding how it uses user data, who they sell it to, and how those companies use the data.

Overview

Obtaining Location

In its privacy policy^[3], Life360 specifies that it uses the users IP address, WiFi, Bluetooth, and GPS coordinates in order to determine a users exact location. If Bluetooth is enabled on your app, it can be used to pinpoint more accurate locations and even find other Life360 users based on other nearby Bluetooth enabled apps. Additionally, depending on the device's settings, Life360 can collect location data even if the app is not actively in use. In order to obtain accurate driving data, Life360 "collect[s] and may use a third party partner to collect, sensory and motion data from your smartphone or mobile device"^[4]. The company doesn't specify the third party partner. It accesses sensors on the device such as the gyroscope, accelerometer, compass, and Bluetooth and uses them to provide the information listed in the safety features.

Analysis of Driving Data

According to a PR Newswire article, Life360 analyzed driving behavior across their users and determined that a phone was used on average 1.78 times per drive ^[5]. It also provided the company with data to analyze where in the US cell phone usage during driving was the highest. The app tracks cellphone usage, hard braking, rapid acceleration, and the top speed during a drive. It

Safety Features

The above image shows the interface of the app, and highlights some of its features

Location Safety

Life360 users can share their location and see other Circle member's location at any given time. There are various push notifications users can set, such as drive notifications, low battery notifications, and place notifications. Drive notifications are sent when a person completes a drive and shows the user's top speed. Low battery notifications are sent to other users in the Circle to remind a specific user to charge their phone. Place notifications are sent when a user arrives or leaves from a given location. Location history is also a feature that allows users to view past trips and see a detailed history of how long member stay at given locations, as well as recurring routes. This feature is organized by day, and serves as a timeline of the Circle member's movements over time. In response to backlash, Life360 implemented a feature called Bubbles, which allows users to temporarily show their general location for a specified period of time while all other safety features are still activated. There is also an SOS feature, that allows users to send a silent alert to the other members in their Circle along with the emergency contacts listed if they feel unsafe or are in an emergency. Crime reports is another feature that allows users to see crime reports in a given area. There is a feature to turn off location sharing, however other members in the Circle will be able to see that the user disabled their location.^[6]

Driving Safety

Driving safety features include crash detection, emergency dispatch, roadside assistance, family driving summary, individual drive reports. The crash detection feature senses collisions over 25 mph and reaches out to the user involved in the crash. In the event that the driver is unresponsive on the app, the app will send a notification with the users location to all the other members in the circle and their emergency contacts. With the Gold and Platinum plans, users can get roadside assistance with situations such as needing to jumpstart your car, towing and tire changes, and help with getting locked out of your vehicle. Another driving safety feature they advertise is the driving summary, which can show the combined statistics of everyone in the Circle and individual users. The driving summary includes statistics regarding phone usage, hard braking, rapid acceleration, and speeds exceeding 80 mph for a prolonged time. Life360 tracks drives and the various statistics by analyzing user location and speed.

Digital Safety

Life360 provides digital safety features such as data breach alerts, ID theft protection, stolen funds reimbursement, and credit monitoring for all users in the Circle. In the case of a stolen identity, Life360 will notify the user and give advice for further steps to take. If the user has the Platinum or Gold membership, they are able to access a specialist who will help resolve the stolen identity situation.^[7]

Emergency Assistance

Emergency Assistance contains features such as stolen phone protection, roadside assistance, roadside assistance, emergency dispatch, disaster response, medical assistance, and travel support. In the event a users phone is stolen, Life360 will reimburse between $100 and $500 for the various membership levels. Roadside assistance and emergency dispatch are both covered in the above driving safety section. Life360 provides users with help regarding information, advice, and help during various unpredictable events, such as active shooters, natural disasters, emergency evacuations, and disease outbreak such as COVID-19. The app will also provide access to a nurse hotline, which is available 24/7, medical referrals, impatient medical monitoring, and emergency medical evacuation.^[8] However, the cost for those services are not included in membership, and are the user's responsibility. Another available feature is travel support, which provides users with pre-trip information regarding health reports, necessary documents, currency exchange, and weather reports. They also provide the user easy access to their airline reservations, help with regards to lost luggage or travel docs, and translators and/or interpreters.^[9]

Ethical Concerns

Privacy Concerns

There are significant privacy concerns from users and critics of Life360. An article published by The Markup reveals that Chris Hulls confirmed that Life360 has "approximately one dozen data partners" which Life360 engages with in business transactions concerning user data.^[10] One of the companies that buys data from Life360 is Cubeiq, which is a data company that supplies an analysis of data to help marketers gain a better understanding of their impact ^[11] Cubeiq has publicly revealed that they have partnered with various universities, such as Oxford University and Northeastern University, and the CDC to gain insight into mobility trends during the COVID-19 pandemic. In a statement by a Cubeiq spokesperson, the company confirmed that "the CDC only exports aggregate, privacy-safe analytics for research purposes, which completely anonymizes any individual user data".^[12]

Another privacy concern with regards to data sharing is the fact that it is marketed as a family friendly app, which means that there are children who use it (with parental consent).^[13] In the company's privacy policy, they state that they do not sell personal information of California consumers that are less than 16 years old^[14], yet there is no specification for users under the age of 16 who reside in other states. The company also states that they do not share or sell personal information of users under the age of 13, regardless of where they live.^[15] However, according to an investigation done by The Markup^[16], Life360 does disclose younger children's information in order to provide statistics, such as driving behavior data or performance analytics, to provide the features and user-end functionality of the app. They don't use that data for marketing.

One of the biggest privacy concerns is with regards to the re-identification of a person using the data that companies like Life360 sell, regardless of anonymity. Despite the removal of identifying information such as names and phone numbers, it is still occasionally possible to obtain personal information such as a persons age, gender, phone number, or location data. An example of this breach of privacy is from July 2021, when a high-level U.S. Catholic Church official was discovered to be using Grindr, a gay dating app, and to be frequenting gay bars.^[17] The newsource who first broke the story claimed to have analyzed the Grindr data it had obtained, and hired outside firms to confirm the results. They also failed to identify how they obtained the data or who it was from.^[18] Grindr made a statement claiming that the article was homophobic and denied that the information obtained would've been impossible to publicly access.

The app does provide the option to opt out of having your personal information shared or sold. In order to do this, the user must tap on the gear icon in the top left corner, click on "Privacy and Security", tap "Do Not Sell My Personal Information", and to turn the "Personal Information Sales" option to the off position.

Law Enforcement

One of the ethical concerns regarding user data is what companies or government agencies are able to purchase data from Life360. The Markup article^[19] quotes Chris Hulls saying "From a philosophical standpoint, we do not believe it is appropriate for government agencies to attempt to obtain data in the commercial market as a way to bypass and individual's right to due process." Hulls clarified that in 2020, the company implemented a policy to prohibit any government agencies from using any data for law enforcement policies.

Location data has been used to pinpoint locations in order to convict or pardon suspected criminals, and in 2018, the Supreme Court ruled in Carpenter v. United States that law enforcement had to provide a signed warrant in order to access location data from cell towers.^[20]

Facial Recognition and Identity Verification

In Life360s company policy^[21], they include a section on possible identity verification requirements in order to verify age and parental consent for a minor to use the app. In this scenario, the adult user is prompted to upload an image of themselves along with a photo of a valid government-issued ID which is then subject to machine learning tools and optical scans in order to verify their identity. Life360 outsources to a third party provider, Berbix, in order to perform these checks. In the company policy, Life360 states that it doesn't obtain the users biometric identity, however it has access to the results of the scan and information provided on the document (such as a driver's license number and a name) in order to perform the final verification.

However, it is well documented that facial recognition software has its own ethical dilemmas. According to an article published by the Alan Turing Institute^[22], racial biases in facial recognition technologies arise when the sample of images used to train the algorithm is not an accurate representation of the demographic the program is used by. Therefore, various facial recognition programs are heavily skewed to be more accurate for men with lighter skin, as those demographics are the most represented in the training datasets. In an article published by Harvard's Science in the News blog^[23], they claim that facial recognition is the least accurate biometric used to identify an individual. Approximately 117 million American adults are included in law enforcement facial recognition networks^[24] despite the fact that most of them are unaware of this.

User Critiques

Most of the critiques of the app come from children whose parents use Life360 to track their movements. A Washington Post article^[25] reported multiple claims made by anonymous users regarding Life360 and how those user's parents use it to track their movements. One user claimed that his very religious and conservative parents forced him to download Life360 after he came out to them as gay. Another user claimed that his parents would call him whenever they saw something on the app that concerned them or that they didn't like.

Various

References

1. ↑ https://www.proquest.com/docview/1814124961/fulltextPDF/778E6C6B65D1440CPQ/1?accountid=14667
2. ↑ https://www.life360.com/plans-pricing/
3. ↑ https://support.life360.com/hc/en-us/articles/360043228154-Full-Privacy-Policy
4. ↑ https://support.life360.com/hc/en-us/articles/360043228154-Full-Privacy-Policy
5. ↑ http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/life360-driving-behavior-data-reveals-distracted-driving-trends-across-america-300431593.html
6. ↑ https://www.life360.com/location-sharing/
7. ↑ https://www.life360.com/digital-safety/
8. ↑ https://www.life360.com/emergency-assistance/#section-5
9. ↑ https://www.life360.com/emergency-assistance/
10. ↑ https://themarkup.org/privacy/2021/12/06/the-popular-family-safety-app-life360-is-selling-precise-location-data-on-its-tens-of-millions-of-user
11. ↑ https://www.cuebiq.com/about/
12. ↑ https://themarkup.org/privacy/2021/12/06/the-popular-family-safety-app-life360-is-selling-precise-location-data-on-its-tens-of-millions-of-user
13. ↑ https://themarkup.org/privacy/2021/12/06/the-popular-family-safety-app-life360-is-selling-precise-location-data-on-its-tens-of-millions-of-user
14. ↑ https://support.life360.com/hc/en-us/articles/360043228154-Full-Privacy-Policy
15. ↑ https://support.life360.com/hc/en-us/articles/360043228154-Full-Privacy-Policy
16. ↑ https://themarkup.org/privacy/2021/12/06/the-popular-family-safety-app-life360-is-selling-precise-location-data-on-its-tens-of-millions-of-user
17. ↑ https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2021/07/20/bishop-misconduct-resign-burrill/
18. ↑ https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2021/07/20/bishop-misconduct-resign-burrill/
19. ↑ https://themarkup.org/privacy/2021/12/06/the-popular-family-safety-app-life360-is-selling-precise-location-data-on-its-tens-of-millions-of-user
20. ↑ https://news.bloomberglaw.com/privacy-and-data-security/robbery-poses-legal-test-for-police-use-of-google-location-data
21. ↑ https://support.life360.com/hc/en-us/articles/360043228154-Full-Privacy-Policy
22. ↑ Leslie, D. (2020). Understanding bias in facial recognition technologies: an explainer. The Alan Turing Institute. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4050457
23. ↑ https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2020/racial-discrimination-in-face-recognition-technology/
24. ↑ https://www.perpetuallineup.org
25. ↑ https://www.proquest.com/docview/2307898262/7BED54C1E15944CFPQ/2?accountid=14667