Difference between revisions of "Internet meme"

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−	==Origins of the Word==	+	{{Box|
−	Richard Dawkins first introduced the concept of a meme in his book "The Selfish Gene." Forging a conception of ideas as objects which are transmitted and replicated through sociality much in the way genes are transmitted and replicated through sexual reproduction, he defines a meme in his book as follows:	+	{{width|224}}
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		+	'''Internet Memes''' are [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-generated_content user-generated content (UGC)] that propagate at high speed through the Internet. Through the past decade, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme memes] have become deeply ingrained in Internet culture. These ideas and concepts evolve over time as they are transferred from person to person making them viral. Memes can take the form of hyperlinks, pictures, websites, GIFs, words, videos, or sayings, and often convey sarcastic or satirical phrases. They are frequently replicated templates with slight comedic content variation throughout the web. The most common format on the Internet are pictures. Internet memes are spread by sharing on social networks such as [[Tumblr]], [[4chan]], [[Reddit]], [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]], or through blogs, news sites, and more. Memes are created every day, through different meme-generating sites and constantly evolving trends on the Internet. Ethical issues associated with memes include control of the meme (or lack thereof) as it spreads, privacy of the people depicted in popular memes, copyright issues (specifically Article 13's effect on memes), disguised ads that look like memes, and differences in monetary capitalization from memes based on racial biases and embedded culture.
−	"Examples of memes are tunes, ideas, catch-phrases, clothes fashions, ways of making pots or of building arches. Just as genes propagate themselves in the gene pool by leaping from body to body via sperms or eggs, so memes propagate themselves in the meme pool by leaping from brain to brain via a process which, in the broad sense, can be called imitation.  If a scientist hears, or reads about, a good idea, he passed it on to his colleagues and students. He mentions it in his articles and his lectures. If the idea catches on, it can be said to propagate itself, spreading from brain to brain. As my colleague N.K. Humphrey neatly summed up an earlier draft of this chapter: `... memes should be regarded as living structures, not just metaphorically but technically.(3) When you plant a fertile meme in my mind you literally parasitize my brain, turning it into a vehicle for the meme's propagation in just the way that a virus may parasitize the genetic mechanism of a host cell. And this isn't just a way of talking -- the meme for, say, "belief in life after death" is actually realized physically, millions of times over, as a structure in the nervous systems of individual men the world over<ref>http://www.rubinghscience.org/memetics/dawkinsmemes.html</ref>."	+	==Origin of the Word==
		+	[[Wiki:Richard_Dawkins|Richard Dawkins]] first introduced the concept of a meme in his book ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene The Selfish Gene]''. According to Dawkins, memes can be ideas, phrases, fashion, tunes, or ways of doing things. Similar to how genes propagate, memes propagate through a process known as "imitation", which can be described similar to copying a behavior that one person sees another do. Memes are seen as living structures. They are born by one person and when they are spread, they grow and mature to a point where new memes branch off of them.<ref>Dawkins, R. (2017). "Memes, The New Replicators." rubinghscience.org. Retrieved from http://www.rubinghscience.org/memetics/dawkinsmemes.html</ref><ref>McDonald, A. (2018, March 15). This Is Where The Word 'Meme' Comes From, And It's Not The Internet. Retrieved April 19, 2018, from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/origin-word-meme_us_5aaad929e4b05b2217fd4a72</ref>
−	== Internet Meme ==	+	==Analysis==
−	[[File:Lazyseniormeme.PNG|300px|thumb|right|Image macro of a lazy senior internet meme.]]	+	[[File:Lazyseniormeme.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Image of a lazy senior internet meme.]]
−	Internet memes are concepts that spread throughout the internet. They are user generated concepts, ideas, behaviors or styles that propagate throughout internet culture. They can take the form of hyperlinks, pictures, websites, words, videos or sayings. Internet memes are spread across the internet through sharing. Once a meme is a created it is submitted or uploaded to somewhere such as [[4chan]], [[Reddit]], [[Facebook]] or any other media websites. The spread continues through continuous sharing.	+
−	===Connection to Dawkins' Theory===	+	===Internet Memes in Communities===
−	The replication and development of the internet meme, such as the Lazy College Senior meme depicted above, begins far before it is even created in and of itself. Stemming from the meme that frames this type of internet meme as a standard picture with one line of expository text and one punchline, the nature of which is adherent to a consistent theme for all memes using the picture, the LCS meme is sort of a "submeme." The overall format has replicated and spread through human transmission taking on many iterations, one of which is the LCS. This example gives a cursory (and lighthearted) example of Dawkins' theory.	+	[https://postsecret.com/ PostSecret], a community mail art project turned Internet phenomenon, began offline before moving to a blog. People mail in anonymous secrets on postcards to the creator of PostSecret, who posts images of these postcards on the site.<ref>PostSecret.
		+	(2017). <em>PostSecret.</em> Retrieved 6 April 2017, from http://postsecret.com/</ref>
−	===Internet Memes in the real world===	+	The popularity of memes can also be seen in the way people are offended on sites such as [[Reddit]] or [[Tumblr]] when a meme is used in an incorrect manner. This can lead users of the sites to write insulting comments in reply to the memes that are posted. Sometimes, these memes are posted specifically to enrage those people who are easily offended by the improper usage of memes.
−	Some internet memes grow so popular, they can be found offline. A fairly popular example of an internet meme leaving The Web is the phrase, "OMG!". OMG began as an abbreviation for "Oh, my God!" or "Oh, my Goodness!" found in online comments and informal emails. However, the phrase "OMG" is heard spoken in everyday speech.	+	[[File:frabz-One-does-not-simply-Use-the-wrong-meme-be5533.jpg|thumb|left|The incorrect use of the picture of the ancient aliens meme with the wording that would be stereotypical of the Boromir meme.]]
−		+
−	Conversely, [http://www.postsecret.com/ PostSecret], a community mail art project turned internet phenomenon, began offline and made its way online. Users post secrets anonymously on an artistic postcard in an effort to rid themselves of the strain of keeping this secret to themselves. It began as a mail campain but is now a popular weblog (or blog).<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_secret Post Secret.] ''Wikipedia.'' Retrieved 2011-12-11.</ref>	+
	===Creation===		===Creation===
−	At the onset of memes, many of them were simply sayings or jokes that became popular to use as comments on blogs or other sites such as youtube or Reddit.  Nowadays, most memes are photos with text overlaid onto the image to create a specific tone and message that relates to others or is catchy enough to become popular (as shown here).	+	Many memes originated as sayings or jokes that became popular after circulating [[YouTube]], [[Reddit]], [[Facebook]], or [[Tumblr]]. A large chunk of the memes that spread very quickly throughout the Internet are pictures with text included either above it, below it, or overlayed on top of it. With programs like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop Adobe Photoshop], it is relatively easy to create one's own version of a popular Internet meme.
−	Many websites have since been created to service those who  want to create their own memes. One popular website is [[www.quickmeme.com QuickMeme]].  On this site, users can choose from the vast array of memes that have already been created and choose their own saying to overlay, or they can even upload their own photo and make an entirely new meme from scratch.  On the main page of the website, users can also scroll through millions of memes that have been created just for the fun of reading them all.	+	Since Photoshop is an expensive software, websites have been created that focus on creating and sharing Internet memes. One of these sites is Quickmeme, where users can choose from the images that have already been created and choose their own saying to overlay or upload their own photo to make an entirely new meme.  On the main page of the website, users can scroll through memes to view those that have been created. QuickMeme also has a voting system that allows users to choose which memes they enjoy the most, and then filter memes based on their scores and popularity.<ref name = "quickmeme">Quickmeme: the funniest page on the internet. (2017). <em>Quickmeme.</em> Retrieved 6 April 2017, from http://www.quickmeme.com/</ref> Unfortunately, the page is not up to date with many of the memes that have become popular among Internet users in recent years.
−	Websites such as [http://www.quickmeme.com QuickMeme] have voting systems that allow users to choose which ones they enjoy the most. Users can then filter out "good" memes opposed to "bad" memes based on their scores and popularity.	+	In addition to being able to "meme" popular pictures that circulate through the Internet, there are also apps for [[iOS]] and [[Android]] on which users can "meme" their own photos. This usually consists of being able to place a block of the standard meme text over a picture on his or her phone. [[GroupMe]] is one of these apps. When a user uploads a picture to GroupMe to share it with a person or group, they have the option to overlay text on the picture for a comedic meme effect. These "memes" do not qualify as the original definition of a meme, but the term "meme" has started to become synonymous with "funny picture with a funny caption on it". Other users have used native Windows and OSX applications to create memes, such as Microsoft Powerpoint, Word, Paint or a simple native photo-editing and viewing application.
		+
		+	==Examples==
		+	===Lolcats===
		+	[[File: Catpills.jpg|right|300px|thumb|The creator of this lolcat attributes this cat's apparent excitement or happiness to its consumption of pills. <ref>[http://s1.static.gotsmile.net/images/2011/10/19/lolcat-funny-picture-found-pills-ate-eat_131902699269.jpg Lolcats]</ref>]]
		+	A lolcat, which comes from the texting acronym "lol" (meaning "laugh out loud") combined with the word "cats", is one example of an internet meme, believed to have been started by users on [[4chan]]. A lolcat depicts a cat and a humorous tagline. There are two common forms of lolcats:
		+	*An image of a cat bordered in black with a short tagline beneath the image.
		+	*An image of a cat with a short tagline at the top, bottom, or top and bottom of the image.
		+	Lolcat memes frequently display a cat in a peculiar position or with an unusual expression. Similar memes have been created without a cat as the main focus and are referred to as 'lols'.
		+
		+	====Apps====
		+	There are apps associated with LOLcats, available for both iOS<ref>"LOLcats Free" [https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/lolcats-free/id289278734?mt=8]. Retrieved 20 April 2017.</ref> and Android<ref>"Random LOLcats" [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.mindbeach.android.RandomLOLCat]. Retrieved 20 April 2017.</ref> users. These apps have very large collections of lolcats. Users can scroll through them with ease, and without having to filter out other content. These apps were very popular in 2012, but the last update for LOLcats on iOS was made on June 23, 2016. The last update for Random LOLcats on Android was made on April 14, 2015.
		+
		+	[[File:Wolfamn-Plank1.jpg |thumb|left|200px|Classic photo of Rugby Player David "Wolfman" Williams planking from the "Know Your Meme" website]]
		+	===Planking===
		+	[[Planking]] is considered a "photo fad" meme, which involves lying face down with arms to the sides in unusual public spaces and then photographing the scene and sharing the image online. The planking phenomenon started when a pro-rugby player planked after a play during the match. Planking is also considered to be a successor to the phenomenon know as Lying Down Game and Playing Dead.<ref>Planking. (2011). ''Know Your Meme.'' Retrieved 18 April 2017, from http://knowyourmeme.com/memes/planking</ref>
		+
		+	==="Y U NO" Guy===
		+	The "Y U NO" Guy meme is an image that is usually captioned with writing usually seen in text-messaging including shorthand, abbreviations, and carefree grammar. The meme us often used in a sarcastic tone potentially used to mock those who text in aforementioned styles. <ref>"Y U NO" Guy. (2011). Know Your Meme. Retrieved 18 April 2017, from http://knowyourmeme.com/memes/y-u-no-guy</ref>
		+
		+	[[File:Foreveralone.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Forever Alone Meme]]
		+	==="Forever Alone" Guy===
		+	Forever Alone is a rage comic image macro used to express loneliness and/or disappointment with one's life. Users of rage comic macros often employ Forever Alone in deadpan-style for comedic effect.
		+
		+	===Know Your Meme===
		+	Know Your Meme is not in itself an example of a meme but is a website that follows trends of memes and other online phenomena, such as viral videos and catchphrases in a continually evolving encyclopedic fashion. The site includes memes that are no longer popular, as well as trending topics that are less than a day old.  <ref>Know Your Meme. (2017). ''Know Your Meme.'' Retrieved 18 April 2017, from http://knowyourmeme.com/</ref>
		+
		+	===First World Problems===
		+	[[File:firstworldproblems.jpg|200px|left|First World Problems image]]The meme, thought to have sprung from the lyrics of a 1995 Matthew Good Band song, is viral on social websites including [[Tumblr]], [[twitter]], and [[reddit]], and replicates on the site quickmeme.com. <ref>[http://knowyourmeme.com/memes/first-world-problems First World Problems]</ref> “First World Problems” enjoys a robust life among first worlders by employing the rhetorical canons of invention and style to illuminate third world reality.  It provides a forum for first worlders to commiserate socially about their daily stresses while building social awareness of those less fortunate. Each replication of this meme creates a new satirical yet ironic glimpse into a trivial first world problem. The category of Quickmeme, labeled “First World Problems,” shows the photo of a sobbing woman in anguish holding her hand to her forehead. The meme’s trademark is to pair an incongruous photo and text creating a satirical commentary on first world life. The dramatic picture is taken out of context and shown with unrelated text about mundane or esoteric situations. This cleverly builds the irony of these two juxtaposed elements as dramatic vs. non-dramatic. The meme has changed the context of the third world and first world in that now the two realities are no longer about geographic distance, but about cultural differences.  The third world is a part of each culture.
		+
		+	==Ethical Concerns==
		+	===Control===
		+	One ethical concern of the internet meme is the lack of control as it spreads online. Due to the sarcastic nature of memes, groups can take offense to the content. Unfortunately, once memes have been spread online, they become impossible to remove.<ref>Memes and ethics in the new participatory web. (2017). ''Careermash.'' Retrieved 18 April 2017, from http://careermash.ca/blogs/memes-and-ethics-new-participatory-web</ref> With the rise of social media, the fast pace that memes spread is nearly unstoppable.This often makes it nearly impossible to control the spreading of a controversial image. This can have many negative effects when the content is harmful or offensive. Although there is no way to stop an image from spreading, there are ways to mitigate some of the harm.
		+
		+	===Decontextualization===
		+	While the sarcasm in memes provides direct humor in the appropriate context, memes appearing out of context can cause much distress. It allows for the tinkering of content, which change how the message is received. It is possible for anyone who sees a meme on the Internet to usurp it and write something that they believe is funny. As a result, memes carry a destructive, antagonistic and alienating culture through the amplification of its content.
		+
		+	The increased presence of meme-creating outlets allows people to craft pictures and post them to the Internet within minutes. Memes can be customized with a picture and caption on a meme-creating platform. Once the meme is created, it is easy to share and edit. This ease causes the ethical issues of cyberbullying. Users can easily create and spread derogatory memes. Sometimes, due to the harmless reputation of memes, an avid meme user might mistakenly share a meme without realizing its insulting nature.
		+
		+	Some common derogatory memes include kids with down syndrome used to poke fun at them and degrade other people. They often are used to mock the facials and expressions of kids with special needs to degrade supporters of the opposing political party.
		+
		+	Some memes are even born from tragic incidences. On May 28th, 2016 when a gorilla named Harambe was shot at the Cincinnati Zoo after a child climbed into the gorilla's enclosure, the public had mixed feelings about the situation and some felt that the shooting was unfair. First, there was grief for the gorilla and ''"Justice for Harambe"'' memes spread widely across the internet. Later, the meme was used to harass the Cincinnati Zoo and even used in a racist capacity such as in the case against "Ghostbusters" actress Leslie Jones <ref>Rogers, K. (2016). The Complicated Appeal of the Harambe Meme. ''The New York Times.'' Retrieved 18 April 2017, from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/25/us/the-complicated-appeal-of-the-harambe-meme.html?_r=2</ref> and former First Lady of the United States Michelle Obama <ref>Roy, J. (2017). Harambe Was the Meme We Couldn't Escape in 2016. ''Los Angeles Times.'' Retrieved 18 April 2017, from http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-harambe-meme-evolution-20161221-story.html</ref>.
		+
		+	===Privacy===
		+	[[File:Scumbagsteve.jpg|150px|thumb|right|A possibly offensive 'Scumbag Steve' meme]]
		+	[[File:Overlyattached.jpg|150px|thumb|left|'Overly Attached Girlfriend' in real life]]
		+	Some examples of popular internet memes are: Bad Luck Brian, Scumbag Steve, and Good Guy Greg. These memes use pictures of actual people, which raises the issue of informed consent. In some cases, such as [[Wikipedia:Ridiculously Photogenic Guy|Ridiculously Photogenic Guy]], the person depicted has adopted the meme as a part of their personality. Other times, the model will choose to ignore his or her viral fame; however, memes that have negative connotations attached to their images such as Bad Luck Brian and Scumbag Steve create negative consequences that are harder to manage. The people depicted in these memes may be misrepresented or unfavorably portrayed, thus making it harder to deal with the infamy that comes from an unwelcome depiction of oneself.
		+
		+
		+	====Children's Privacy and Viral Memes====
		+	There have been numerous incidences of memes capturing children in various circumstances that have gone viral and caused backlash. In 2018, a meme of 2-year old girl screaming in fear of the Easter Bunny that was visiting her daycare went viral. Thousands shared the post on various social media platforms poking fun at the child's frantic reaction and using the meme to describe different feelings or reactions to personal circumstances and experiences. The family of this child only found out the video had gone viral after it was too late, racking up millions of views and even being featured on 'Jimmy Kimmel Live.' <ref>CBS News. (2018). Family outraged after video of toddler frightened by the Easter Bunny goes viral. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kissimmee-florirda-easter-bunny-family-outraged-after-video-of-frightened-2-year-old-goes-viral/</ref> Despite the workers at the daycare having to sign a document prohibiting them from taking videos and sharing photos of the children, this daycare worker didn't think twice before making fun of the child's reaction and then posting it online for everyone to see. Instances such as these can have devastating consequences as many people have left racist and inappropriate comments on this specific video. This child's privacy, and dignity, have been compromised by this careless act and this meme will most likely follow her for the rest of her life.
		+
		+	===Copyright===
		+	People frequently recycle memes by making edits to previously existing means. For example, many use the same image but add a new caption. The raises questions of ownership and copyright. If someone takes ownership of a meme, reuse of a meme's image or alterations of the meme may be seen as plagiarism or copyright infringement.
		+
		+	In fact, the very purpose of sites like Quickmeme is to take templates for various image macros and allow users to place their own text over the pictures, thus allowing them to create their own meme. Little or no consideration is given to the original owners of the pictures, even though several popular backgrounds (like First World Problems and Scumbag Teacher) are from stock photo sites that sell their pictures.
		+
		+	====Article 13====
		+	Memes and meme creators have been a large part of the conversation surrounding the European Union's new copyright law, Article 13. Previously, the owners of copyrighted material to report violations one websites. Article 13 requires that the companies that own the websites hosting content to monitor violations, which would likely result in pre-filtering of content to prevent its upload in the first place. This would mean huge numbers of memes, a majority of which follow formats with stills from copyrighted material, would be prevented from making it onto the internet, which has enraged a huge number of users.
		+
		+	Artists and media firms are arguing that they're losing out on profits from user generated content that uses their intellectual property. Tech giants have argued against the law, with Google stating the law will "hurt Europe's creative and digital economies" <ref>Browne, Ryan. “What Europe's Copyright Overhaul Means for YouTube, Facebook and the Way You Use the Internet.” CNBC, CNBC, 29 Mar. 2019, www.cnbc.com/2019/03/28/article-13-what-eu-copyright-directive-means-for-the-internet.html. </ref>. The European Parliament believes a common ground between the two can be found where artists get the money they deserve while allowing user generated content to survive. They recently amended the law to exempt content that includes copyrighted material "for purposes of quotation, criticism, review, caricature, parody and pastiche" from the law<ref>Kleinman, Zoe. “Article 13: Memes Exempt as EU Backs Controversial Copyright Law.” BBC News, BBC, 26 Mar. 2019, www.bbc.com/news/technology-47708144. </ref>. The European Parliament says this will protect memes and GIFs from the law, but some people continue to doubt it will be enforced without taking down valid content.
		+
		+	===Meme Sharing Sites===
		+	There are platforms, such as [http://www.quickmeme.com/ QuickMeme], that allow people to post advertisements between clusters of memes. These advertisements are similar in size to the memes being displayed. Some argue that this forces the user to look at an ad, often without consent since it appears directly in the center of the screen instead of to the side.
		+
		+	===Monetary Capitalization===
		+	Memes can become a lucrative business, as evident from recent popular phenomenons' attempts to capitalize on their viral popularity. Two notable examples are Danielle Bregoli, best known as the "Cash Me Outside" Girl, and Peaches Monroee, who coined the now popular term "on fleek." <ref name = "peaches">Miller, Jenny: ‘On Fleek’ Teen Peaches Monroee Launches GoFundMe for Cosmetics Line http://nymag.com/thecut/2017/02/on-fleek-teen-launches-gofundme-for-cosmetics-line.html </ref> <ref name = "daniellebregoli">Cacich, Allision: Is "Cash Me Outside" Girl Danielle Bregoli Already a Millionaire? Get the Scoop! http://www.lifeandstylemag.com/posts/cash-me-outside-danielle-bregoli-millionaire-127935/photos/danielle-bregoli-5-231832 </ref> Bregoli, whose appearance and performance on Dr. Phil lead to viral fame after her use of the term "cash me outside," has been able to financially support herself with her newfound popularity. She has received promotional deals and appearances that offer her compensation in the range of $40,000 to $50,000. On the other hand, Monroee's coining of the term "on fleek," which has been used by several large corporations and reprinted on clothing, has not seen any sort of compensation or recognition for her idea<ref name = "nomoney">Feldman, Brian: The Woman Who Invented ‘on Fleek’ Still Hasn’t Seen a Dime for It http://nymag.com/selectall/2015/12/another-reminder-that-our-copyright-system-sucks.html</ref>.
		+
		+	The cases of both of these young women represent an ethical dilemma associated with the popularization of meme culture in mainstream media and copyright issues as a whole. Bregoli and potentially Monroee can capitalize off of their celebrity as a result of the phrases they've coined. Unfortunately, they cannot capitalize off of the phrases themselves or trademark them because the law is not up to date with technology<ref name = "nomoney"></ref>. This interpretation is affiliated with a complicated use of copyright laws — very specific ideas can be protected, but the idea itself cannot. Other than the repeated commodification of term "on fleek" without Monroee receive her proper due, another ethical dilemma at the crux of meme usage and compensation is the racial inequalities present in Monroee's situation in comparison to Bregoli's. Monroee is a Black woman, while Bregoli is a young White woman; the differences in their abilities to capitalize off of their respective phrases — successful for Bregoli and unsuccessful for Monroee — has sparked outrage amongst various Twitter users<ref name = "nomoney"></ref>. Monroee, and other Black individuals who have managed to have their talent go viral and memed, are unable to protect themselves against corporate interests. The implications of their inability to succeed and gain financial benefits from their ideas, versus Bregoli's relative ease at doing so, highlights institutionalized racial injustices and biases embedded within mainstream culture.
		+
		+	== See Also ==
		+	{{resource|
		+	*[[Cyberbullying]]
		+	}}
		+
		+	== External Links ==
		+	{{resource
		+	|*[http://www.memecenter.com/ MemeCenter: Collection of memes found throughout the internet]
		+	*[http://knowyourmeme.com/ Knowyourmeme: Collective information on Memes]
		+	}}
	==References==		==References==
		+	{{resource|
	<references/>		<references/>
		+	}}
		+
		+
		+
	[[Category: Internet slang]]		[[Category: Internet slang]]
		+	[[Category:Concepts]]
		+
		+	[[Category: Media Content]]
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		+	|style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em" | ←''[[{{{1|{{{1|}}}Topics}}}|Back]]'' • ↑''[[#top|Top of Page]]''
		+	|} {{Section|||#BOTTOM}}

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Latest revision as of 16:21, 24 April 2019

Internet Memes are user-generated content (UGC) that propagate at high speed through the Internet. Through the past decade, memes have become deeply ingrained in Internet culture. These ideas and concepts evolve over time as they are transferred from person to person making them viral. Memes can take the form of hyperlinks, pictures, websites, GIFs, words, videos, or sayings, and often convey sarcastic or satirical phrases. They are frequently replicated templates with slight comedic content variation throughout the web. The most common format on the Internet are pictures. Internet memes are spread by sharing on social networks such as Tumblr, 4chan, Reddit, Facebook, Twitter, or through blogs, news sites, and more. Memes are created every day, through different meme-generating sites and constantly evolving trends on the Internet. Ethical issues associated with memes include control of the meme (or lack thereof) as it spreads, privacy of the people depicted in popular memes, copyright issues (specifically Article 13's effect on memes), disguised ads that look like memes, and differences in monetary capitalization from memes based on racial biases and embedded culture.

Origin of the Word

Richard Dawkins first introduced the concept of a meme in his book The Selfish Gene. According to Dawkins, memes can be ideas, phrases, fashion, tunes, or ways of doing things. Similar to how genes propagate, memes propagate through a process known as "imitation", which can be described similar to copying a behavior that one person sees another do. Memes are seen as living structures. They are born by one person and when they are spread, they grow and mature to a point where new memes branch off of them.^[1][2]

Analysis

Internet Memes in Communities

PostSecret, a community mail art project turned Internet phenomenon, began offline before moving to a blog. People mail in anonymous secrets on postcards to the creator of PostSecret, who posts images of these postcards on the site.^[3]

The popularity of memes can also be seen in the way people are offended on sites such as Reddit or Tumblr when a meme is used in an incorrect manner. This can lead users of the sites to write insulting comments in reply to the memes that are posted. Sometimes, these memes are posted specifically to enrage those people who are easily offended by the improper usage of memes.

Creation

Many memes originated as sayings or jokes that became popular after circulating YouTube, Reddit, Facebook, or Tumblr. A large chunk of the memes that spread very quickly throughout the Internet are pictures with text included either above it, below it, or overlayed on top of it. With programs like Adobe Photoshop, it is relatively easy to create one's own version of a popular Internet meme.

Since Photoshop is an expensive software, websites have been created that focus on creating and sharing Internet memes. One of these sites is Quickmeme, where users can choose from the images that have already been created and choose their own saying to overlay or upload their own photo to make an entirely new meme. On the main page of the website, users can scroll through memes to view those that have been created. QuickMeme also has a voting system that allows users to choose which memes they enjoy the most, and then filter memes based on their scores and popularity.^[4] Unfortunately, the page is not up to date with many of the memes that have become popular among Internet users in recent years.

In addition to being able to "meme" popular pictures that circulate through the Internet, there are also apps for iOS and Android on which users can "meme" their own photos. This usually consists of being able to place a block of the standard meme text over a picture on his or her phone. GroupMe is one of these apps. When a user uploads a picture to GroupMe to share it with a person or group, they have the option to overlay text on the picture for a comedic meme effect. These "memes" do not qualify as the original definition of a meme, but the term "meme" has started to become synonymous with "funny picture with a funny caption on it". Other users have used native Windows and OSX applications to create memes, such as Microsoft Powerpoint, Word, Paint or a simple native photo-editing and viewing application.

Examples

Lolcats

A lolcat, which comes from the texting acronym "lol" (meaning "laugh out loud") combined with the word "cats", is one example of an internet meme, believed to have been started by users on 4chan. A lolcat depicts a cat and a humorous tagline. There are two common forms of lolcats:

• An image of a cat bordered in black with a short tagline beneath the image.
• An image of a cat with a short tagline at the top, bottom, or top and bottom of the image.

Lolcat memes frequently display a cat in a peculiar position or with an unusual expression. Similar memes have been created without a cat as the main focus and are referred to as 'lols'.

Apps

There are apps associated with LOLcats, available for both iOS^[6] and Android^[7] users. These apps have very large collections of lolcats. Users can scroll through them with ease, and without having to filter out other content. These apps were very popular in 2012, but the last update for LOLcats on iOS was made on June 23, 2016. The last update for Random LOLcats on Android was made on April 14, 2015.

Planking

Planking is considered a "photo fad" meme, which involves lying face down with arms to the sides in unusual public spaces and then photographing the scene and sharing the image online. The planking phenomenon started when a pro-rugby player planked after a play during the match. Planking is also considered to be a successor to the phenomenon know as Lying Down Game and Playing Dead.^[8]

"Y U NO" Guy

The "Y U NO" Guy meme is an image that is usually captioned with writing usually seen in text-messaging including shorthand, abbreviations, and carefree grammar. The meme us often used in a sarcastic tone potentially used to mock those who text in aforementioned styles. ^[9]

"Forever Alone" Guy

Forever Alone is a rage comic image macro used to express loneliness and/or disappointment with one's life. Users of rage comic macros often employ Forever Alone in deadpan-style for comedic effect.

Know Your Meme

Know Your Meme is not in itself an example of a meme but is a website that follows trends of memes and other online phenomena, such as viral videos and catchphrases in a continually evolving encyclopedic fashion. The site includes memes that are no longer popular, as well as trending topics that are less than a day old. ^[10]

First World Problems

The meme, thought to have sprung from the lyrics of a 1995 Matthew Good Band song, is viral on social websites including Tumblr, twitter, and reddit, and replicates on the site quickmeme.com. ^[11] “First World Problems” enjoys a robust life among first worlders by employing the rhetorical canons of invention and style to illuminate third world reality. It provides a forum for first worlders to commiserate socially about their daily stresses while building social awareness of those less fortunate. Each replication of this meme creates a new satirical yet ironic glimpse into a trivial first world problem. The category of Quickmeme, labeled “First World Problems,” shows the photo of a sobbing woman in anguish holding her hand to her forehead. The meme’s trademark is to pair an incongruous photo and text creating a satirical commentary on first world life. The dramatic picture is taken out of context and shown with unrelated text about mundane or esoteric situations. This cleverly builds the irony of these two juxtaposed elements as dramatic vs. non-dramatic. The meme has changed the context of the third world and first world in that now the two realities are no longer about geographic distance, but about cultural differences. The third world is a part of each culture.

Ethical Concerns

Control

One ethical concern of the internet meme is the lack of control as it spreads online. Due to the sarcastic nature of memes, groups can take offense to the content. Unfortunately, once memes have been spread online, they become impossible to remove.^[12] With the rise of social media, the fast pace that memes spread is nearly unstoppable.This often makes it nearly impossible to control the spreading of a controversial image. This can have many negative effects when the content is harmful or offensive. Although there is no way to stop an image from spreading, there are ways to mitigate some of the harm.

Decontextualization

While the sarcasm in memes provides direct humor in the appropriate context, memes appearing out of context can cause much distress. It allows for the tinkering of content, which change how the message is received. It is possible for anyone who sees a meme on the Internet to usurp it and write something that they believe is funny. As a result, memes carry a destructive, antagonistic and alienating culture through the amplification of its content.

The increased presence of meme-creating outlets allows people to craft pictures and post them to the Internet within minutes. Memes can be customized with a picture and caption on a meme-creating platform. Once the meme is created, it is easy to share and edit. This ease causes the ethical issues of cyberbullying. Users can easily create and spread derogatory memes. Sometimes, due to the harmless reputation of memes, an avid meme user might mistakenly share a meme without realizing its insulting nature.

Some common derogatory memes include kids with down syndrome used to poke fun at them and degrade other people. They often are used to mock the facials and expressions of kids with special needs to degrade supporters of the opposing political party.

Some memes are even born from tragic incidences. On May 28th, 2016 when a gorilla named Harambe was shot at the Cincinnati Zoo after a child climbed into the gorilla's enclosure, the public had mixed feelings about the situation and some felt that the shooting was unfair. First, there was grief for the gorilla and "Justice for Harambe" memes spread widely across the internet. Later, the meme was used to harass the Cincinnati Zoo and even used in a racist capacity such as in the case against "Ghostbusters" actress Leslie Jones ^[13] and former First Lady of the United States Michelle Obama ^[14].

Privacy

Some examples of popular internet memes are: Bad Luck Brian, Scumbag Steve, and Good Guy Greg. These memes use pictures of actual people, which raises the issue of informed consent. In some cases, such as Ridiculously Photogenic Guy, the person depicted has adopted the meme as a part of their personality. Other times, the model will choose to ignore his or her viral fame; however, memes that have negative connotations attached to their images such as Bad Luck Brian and Scumbag Steve create negative consequences that are harder to manage. The people depicted in these memes may be misrepresented or unfavorably portrayed, thus making it harder to deal with the infamy that comes from an unwelcome depiction of oneself.

Children's Privacy and Viral Memes

There have been numerous incidences of memes capturing children in various circumstances that have gone viral and caused backlash. In 2018, a meme of 2-year old girl screaming in fear of the Easter Bunny that was visiting her daycare went viral. Thousands shared the post on various social media platforms poking fun at the child's frantic reaction and using the meme to describe different feelings or reactions to personal circumstances and experiences. The family of this child only found out the video had gone viral after it was too late, racking up millions of views and even being featured on 'Jimmy Kimmel Live.' ^[15] Despite the workers at the daycare having to sign a document prohibiting them from taking videos and sharing photos of the children, this daycare worker didn't think twice before making fun of the child's reaction and then posting it online for everyone to see. Instances such as these can have devastating consequences as many people have left racist and inappropriate comments on this specific video. This child's privacy, and dignity, have been compromised by this careless act and this meme will most likely follow her for the rest of her life.

Copyright

People frequently recycle memes by making edits to previously existing means. For example, many use the same image but add a new caption. The raises questions of ownership and copyright. If someone takes ownership of a meme, reuse of a meme's image or alterations of the meme may be seen as plagiarism or copyright infringement.

In fact, the very purpose of sites like Quickmeme is to take templates for various image macros and allow users to place their own text over the pictures, thus allowing them to create their own meme. Little or no consideration is given to the original owners of the pictures, even though several popular backgrounds (like First World Problems and Scumbag Teacher) are from stock photo sites that sell their pictures.

Article 13

Memes and meme creators have been a large part of the conversation surrounding the European Union's new copyright law, Article 13. Previously, the owners of copyrighted material to report violations one websites. Article 13 requires that the companies that own the websites hosting content to monitor violations, which would likely result in pre-filtering of content to prevent its upload in the first place. This would mean huge numbers of memes, a majority of which follow formats with stills from copyrighted material, would be prevented from making it onto the internet, which has enraged a huge number of users.

Artists and media firms are arguing that they're losing out on profits from user generated content that uses their intellectual property. Tech giants have argued against the law, with Google stating the law will "hurt Europe's creative and digital economies" ^[16]. The European Parliament believes a common ground between the two can be found where artists get the money they deserve while allowing user generated content to survive. They recently amended the law to exempt content that includes copyrighted material "for purposes of quotation, criticism, review, caricature, parody and pastiche" from the law^[17]. The European Parliament says this will protect memes and GIFs from the law, but some people continue to doubt it will be enforced without taking down valid content.

Meme Sharing Sites

There are platforms, such as QuickMeme, that allow people to post advertisements between clusters of memes. These advertisements are similar in size to the memes being displayed. Some argue that this forces the user to look at an ad, often without consent since it appears directly in the center of the screen instead of to the side.

Monetary Capitalization

Memes can become a lucrative business, as evident from recent popular phenomenons' attempts to capitalize on their viral popularity. Two notable examples are Danielle Bregoli, best known as the "Cash Me Outside" Girl, and Peaches Monroee, who coined the now popular term "on fleek." ^{[18] [19]} Bregoli, whose appearance and performance on Dr. Phil lead to viral fame after her use of the term "cash me outside," has been able to financially support herself with her newfound popularity. She has received promotional deals and appearances that offer her compensation in the range of $40,000 to $50,000. On the other hand, Monroee's coining of the term "on fleek," which has been used by several large corporations and reprinted on clothing, has not seen any sort of compensation or recognition for her idea^[20].

The cases of both of these young women represent an ethical dilemma associated with the popularization of meme culture in mainstream media and copyright issues as a whole. Bregoli and potentially Monroee can capitalize off of their celebrity as a result of the phrases they've coined. Unfortunately, they cannot capitalize off of the phrases themselves or trademark them because the law is not up to date with technology^[20]. This interpretation is affiliated with a complicated use of copyright laws — very specific ideas can be protected, but the idea itself cannot. Other than the repeated commodification of term "on fleek" without Monroee receive her proper due, another ethical dilemma at the crux of meme usage and compensation is the racial inequalities present in Monroee's situation in comparison to Bregoli's. Monroee is a Black woman, while Bregoli is a young White woman; the differences in their abilities to capitalize off of their respective phrases — successful for Bregoli and unsuccessful for Monroee — has sparked outrage amongst various Twitter users^[20]. Monroee, and other Black individuals who have managed to have their talent go viral and memed, are unable to protect themselves against corporate interests. The implications of their inability to succeed and gain financial benefits from their ideas, versus Bregoli's relative ease at doing so, highlights institutionalized racial injustices and biases embedded within mainstream culture.

See Also

External Links

References

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