Humanoid Robots

A Humanoid Robot is a robot that is designed to look like the human body. According to this, a humanoid robot needs to be able to walk and move like humans. A Bipedal Robot is a robot that uses two legs for walking. Additionally, a humanoid bipedal robot might include other bodily features such as a head and arms. To allow the robot to interact with the world and mimic a human’s senses, it may have cameras and sensors for eyesight, speakers for speech, and microphones for hearing. Many companies have been working on developing bipedal humanoid robots, some longer than others. Tesla, Boston Dynamics, Honda, and Apptronik are some of these companies with their own versions of a bipedal humanoid robot. Tesla's robot is called Tesla Bot or Optimus, Boston Dynamics has Atlas, Honda made ASIMO, and Apptronik is working on Apollo.

Tesla Bot

Tesla Bot

Tesla Bot is a humanoid robot and the newest endeavor for Tesla. Currently, Tesla products include self-driving electric car models and solar panels for homes. Tesla Bot will build off the technology that exists in Tesla’s self-driving cars to create a “general purpose, bi-pedal, humanoid robot.” Tesla's concept for Tesla Bot was announced in August 2021 at Tesla AI Day. Tesla Bot, which is currently in development, is also referred to as Optimus. The first prototype of Tesla Bot was revealed at AI Day in September 2022, about a year after its initial announcement. During a live demonstration at AI Day 2022, Tesla Bot walked around on the stage, moved its arms around, and waved to the crowd. After the live demonstration, Elon Musk and his team used video demonstrations to show the robot walking and delivering a box to a location, watering plants with a watering can, and picking up and relocating parts in the Tesla factory. The robot’s point of view was included to show the crowd everything the robot could see. The objects identified by Tesla Bot were highlighted in different colors to distinguish different types. For example, the robot's arm was highlighted in blue and nearby people were highlighted in green. A second robot prototype that is more similar to Tesla’s concept and ideal end product was revealed in another live demonstration. Since the second robot prototype was not yet ready to walk, it was propped up on a stand. The only mobility the robot showed was moving its arms and legs for the audience.

Tesla Bot weighs 161 pounds, which is 36 pounds more than the original 125 pound estimate. Tesla Bot runs on the same self-driving computer as those utilized in Tesla cars. In other words, the robot makes use of the technology that Tesla self-driving cars use to map the environment, identify hazards, and make decisions. Each of the robot’s hands have 11 degrees of freedom and 28 actuators to allow full-body movement. Additionally, Tesla plans to design use their own custom actuators for Tesla Bot. Musk wants Tesla Bot to be able to complete a full day's work on a single battery charge. In terms of power efficiency, the robot’s power consumption is 100 watts sitting and 500 watts walking. Tesla Bot can walk at a speed of 5 miles per hour. The expected cost of a Tesla Bot will be less than $20,000 when Optimus is ready for purchase. The robot contains cameras, microphones, and speakers to simulate a human’s vision, hearing, and speech. Tesla’s end goal for Tesla Bot's mobility is the ability to complete 18 different movements. These movements vary in complexity and include forward walking, squatting, side stepping, turning while walking, and climbing stairs. Having more movements increases agility and allows the robot to more efficiently mimic a human and better interact with its environment.

Boston Dynamics Atlas

Boston Dynamics Atlas

Boston Dynamics is a robotics company owned by Hyundai Motor Company with three different versions of robots. Spot and Stretch are two non-humanoid robots that can do specialized tasks and are available for purchase. Atlas is the humanoid robot created by Boston Dynamics, which is strictly a research project and unavailable for purchase. Since its reveal in 2013, Atlas has seen some major improvements. Atlas can travel 2.5 meters per second, stands at a height of 1.5 meters, and weighs 89 kilograms. Atlas has a color camera and a Lidar module to simulate vision.

In a demonstration on Youtube, Atlas shows its different movements: walking, running, jumping, and even doing backflips. In addition, Atlas demonstrates carrying and moving different objects in the video. The robot completed this task in numerous movements: squatting to pick up an object, placing an object, traveling with an object, throwing an object, and pushing an object. Boston Dynamics even has publicly available videos of Atlas not performing as expected. For this reason, they have a simulator for Atlas that allows engineers to try new instructions on their robot without the physical robot attempting it and risking damage. With this, you can see part of the reality of developing and testing a humanoid robot. Additionally, it shows that these bipedal robots don’t act as expected or hoped for all the time.

Honda ASIMO and E2-DR

Honda ASIMO

Honda’s first bipedal robot was created in 1986 and was called E0. E0 successfully walked on its two legs, but it was not very advanced or human-like. In 2000, Honda unveiled the first version of ASIMO, their humanoid bipedal robot. Honda continued improving ASIMO’s capabilities up until its latest version was released in 2011. ASIMO is 130cm tall, weighs 48 kilograms, and has a maximum speed of 9 kilometers per hour. These specifications changed over time since the earliest ASIMO version. Similar to other bipedal robots, ASIMO utilizes sensors to simulate human senses. ASIMO uses input from the sensors to make behavioral decisions. Honda has videos to show ASIMO responding to its environment in different ways. Some of its capabilities are walking and avoiding nearby people, walking on uneven ground, kicking a ball, and pouring a drink. In 2018, Honda announced their decision to stop development of ASIMO to pursue other projects. One of those projects is the development of another humanoid robot, E2-DR.

Honda’s E2-DR is a robot designed for the purpose of disaster response. E2-DR is capable of both bipedal and quadrupedal walking, meaning it walks on its two legs or both its arms and legs. E2-DR is 1.68 meters tall and weighs 85 kilograms. E2-DR has 33 degrees of freedom: eight for each arm, six for each leg, two for the torso, and one for the hands and head. Bipedal walking speed for E2-DR is 4 kilometers per hour and quadrupedal walking speed is 2.3 kilometers per hour. Some of its accomplished movements include stepping over objects, moving between ladders and the floor, climbing up stairs, and moving through doors and walkways. There are certain conditions that it needs to handle to successfully complete disaster response work. As a result, E2-DR is dustproof, splashproof, and can operate at temperatures between -10 and 40 degrees Celsius.

Apptronik Astra and Apollo

Apptronik is a Texas-based robotics company. Apptronik developed a robot called Astra featuring only upper-body movement capabilities. Astra is not a bipedal robot, since it doesn’t walk on two legs. However, it has some human-like features such as a head and arms. Apptronik created a prototype of a full-body humanoid robot, called Quick Development Humanoid or QDH. Apptronik is now building off Astra and QDH to create a humanoid bipedal robot which will be called Apollo. From the information Apptronik has released so far, Apollo will stand at a height of 1.75 meters, weigh 75 kilograms, and will be able to lift 25 kilograms. Apptronik’s plan is to create their own actuators for Apollo, just like Tesla is doing with Tesla Bot. Apptronik is still working on the concept for Apollo and has plans to present it in March 2023.

Ethical Concerns

A future with humanoid robots raises a variety of ethical concerns. Some of the concerns for this type of technology are considered orphan risks . Orphan risks are "risks that are hard to quantify and easy to overlook." Because bipedal humanoid robots are still in development at this point in time there is a lot of uncertainty regarding a future with such robots. Some potential concerns include data collection, safety, unemployment, and security.

Data Collection

As evident in the demonstration of Tesla Bot, these robots need to collect data to move around and interact with their environment. Data collected by robots could include input from cameras, speakers, and microphones. There is concern regarding use and storage of information collected by the robots, especially if it’s classified as private or sensitive information. Similar to other technologies, the robot will use and store certain information which includes a risk of data breaches.

Safety

Walking and balancing on two legs has proven to be a challenge for bipedal humanoid robots, especially on uneven ground. Although they may show huge success walking and completing challenging movements, mistakes can happen. One concern is a robot falling on a person or an object. Although their weights fall within a normal range for a human, they are made out of materials including metal and could cause damage to objects or injury to people. In a demonstration of Boston Dynamics’ Atlas robot, a person prompted the robot to get his tools. When the robot got closer to the person, it threw the tool bag to them. This demonstration happened in a controlled environment, but it sheds light on the danger of letting a robot freely interact with people. Another safety risk is psychological effect on humans from engaging with robots. The humanoid robots in development are being designed to interact and coexist with people. It’s unknown and difficult to predict how humans will react to robots, especially those that resemble the human body. The robot’s appearance is one of the factors that might affect how a human responds to it. The concept is fascinating to many people, but that doesn't mean that a humanoid robot will always be received well. Current humanoid robots vary in how realistic and human-like they are, which could make humans uncomfortable. The nature and extent of these interactions could be either social or non-social. Robots that provide a service to humans is an instance that might require social interaction. The robots microphones and speakers would be used to communicate with humans. Non-social interactions between humans and robots could be walking next to or past each other. Some of the robots discussed are capable of non-social interaction with humans, like ASIMO avoiding people while walking and Atlas completing a task for a human.

Unemployment

Another common concern of robots is mass unemployment due to the replacement of people for robots in certain jobs. The idea of a humanoid robot that can move and complete tasks like humans, makes replacement by robots seem even more likely. A common motivation for the design of humanoid robots is to do jobs that are dangerous or unattractive to humans. For example, E2-DR, the disaster response robot would be beneficial in situations where conditions may be unsafe for a human. Some fear that robots will take jobs away from humans, although others believe that humanoid robots will work alongside humans and even bring new jobs. It's estimated that 85 million jobs will be replaced by robots by 2025, but 97 million jobs will open due to the same reason. As a result, the addition of robots to the workforce will bring an estimated 12 million additional jobs than before. Humanoid robots could be employed in manufacturing settings around the years of 2025 to 2028. They could be expected in consumer settings as well, but likely not until 2030 to 2035.

Security

Like other modern technologies, it's possible that humanoid robots could be susceptible to hacking and cyberattacks. The result of this might be losing control over the robot or the data stored by it.

Comparison of Atlas and Optimus

Boston Dynamics has a more advanced, working prototype of a humanoid robot than Tesla. Atlas moves gracefully and currently has a wide array of movements and skills. Additionally, there is more information and video demonstrations of Atlas in action than Optimus. Both robots fall short in some categories including battery life, autonomy, mobility, and intelligence.

Atlas can only complete brief demonstrations due to it's limited battery life. However, Atlas has demonstrated impressive mobility capabilities. In Atlas' demonstrations, the robot follows routines given by its creators. At this point in time, Atlas doesn't have the ability to freely make decisions on its own.

Optimus can allegedly run for a whole day of work, although this has not been proven by Tesla so far. Although Optimus has the ability to do certain tasks, it's unclear in the demonstrations at Tesla AI Day 2022 how Optimus is receiving instructions and the extent of autonomous abilities. The first Optimus prototype showed off forward walking, turning, and arm movement, but the robot doesn't appear to be close to the mobility that Tesla plans to develop. The second Optimus prototype was unable to walk at all. In terms of its intelligence, Optimus can recognize surrounding objects and people, thanks to the technology developed for Tesla's self-driving cars. In one of the video demonstrations from Tesla AI Day 2022, Optimus seems to be able to navigate its environment on its own.

Future of Humanoid Robots

Humanoid robots have an attractive market in the future, so companies are competing to make this a reality. How soon humanoid robots could be available in work settings or for purchase can only be roughly estimated at this point in time. The limitations of current humanoid robots shows that they require more development and innovation from their creators. The future of some humanoid robots in uncertain. For example, Boston Dynamics' Atlas robot is being used for research purposes and ASIMO is no longer being produced. On the other hand, Tesla's Optimus is being designed for mass production. Future updates on Tesla Bot will likely be shared at future Tesla AI Day events. Overall, because of the competitive nature of the humanoid robot market, information released to the public can be somewhat limited on the status of their creation to protect trade secrets.