Difference between revisions of "Emoji"

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== Culture ==
 
== Culture ==
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=== Cultural Differences ===
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=== Usage ===
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===== Usage =====
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[[File:Emoji countries.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|Set of popular used emojis usage frequency in different countries]]
 
[[File:Emoji countries.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|Set of popular used emojis usage frequency in different countries]]
 
The most frequently used emojis tend to differ from one culture to the next. People in France and Russia have a greater tendency to use emojis related to love. Meanwhile, Australians are more likely to use emojis related to drugs and alcohol <ref>Murphy, Samantha. ''America Leads the World in Cake and Meat Emoji.'' 22 Apr. 2015. [http://mashable.com/2015/04/22/emoji-study/#Tum6a90pqGqS "Mashable"]</ref>.  
 
The most frequently used emojis tend to differ from one culture to the next. People in France and Russia have a greater tendency to use emojis related to love. Meanwhile, Australians are more likely to use emojis related to drugs and alcohol <ref>Murphy, Samantha. ''America Leads the World in Cake and Meat Emoji.'' 22 Apr. 2015. [http://mashable.com/2015/04/22/emoji-study/#Tum6a90pqGqS "Mashable"]</ref>.  
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===== Meaning =====
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=== Meaning ===
 
The meaning of certain emojis can also often differ from one culture to another. Much of this difference occurs in translation from eastern to western culture. Since emojis originated in Japan, the meaning of an emoji specific to eastern culture may have evolved to imply something else in the West. For example, the "Women with Bunny Ears" emoji ("👯") is often taken to mean fun or "let's party" to the Western world, though it was originally purposed to refer to the equivalent of Playboy Bunnies in Japanese culture <ref>Emojipedia. ''👯 Woman With Bunny Ears Emoji.'' n.d. Web. 04 Apr. 2017. [http://emojipedia.org/woman-with-bunny-ears/ "Emojipedia"]</ref>. Another example is the "Information Desk Person" (💁) emoji, which is commonly interpreted in America as a hair flip emoji as opposed to a woman offering help or information <ref>10 Emoji Meanings That Don't Mean What You Think They Mean https://www.lifewire.com/less-obvious-emoji-meanings-3485884</ref>. This cultural difference in interpretation extends to other cultures around the world, such as the "Thumbs Up" ("👍") emoji which represents a job-well done in western culture, but implies the Western equivalent of the middle-finger to people in Russia, the Middle East, West Africa, and South America <ref name="book"></ref>. The person with folded hands ("🙏") often is supposed to  mean thank you or please. Many times in Western areas, this emoji is taken as a prayer or is sometimes confused as a high five.<ref name="book"></ref>
 
The meaning of certain emojis can also often differ from one culture to another. Much of this difference occurs in translation from eastern to western culture. Since emojis originated in Japan, the meaning of an emoji specific to eastern culture may have evolved to imply something else in the West. For example, the "Women with Bunny Ears" emoji ("👯") is often taken to mean fun or "let's party" to the Western world, though it was originally purposed to refer to the equivalent of Playboy Bunnies in Japanese culture <ref>Emojipedia. ''👯 Woman With Bunny Ears Emoji.'' n.d. Web. 04 Apr. 2017. [http://emojipedia.org/woman-with-bunny-ears/ "Emojipedia"]</ref>. Another example is the "Information Desk Person" (💁) emoji, which is commonly interpreted in America as a hair flip emoji as opposed to a woman offering help or information <ref>10 Emoji Meanings That Don't Mean What You Think They Mean https://www.lifewire.com/less-obvious-emoji-meanings-3485884</ref>. This cultural difference in interpretation extends to other cultures around the world, such as the "Thumbs Up" ("👍") emoji which represents a job-well done in western culture, but implies the Western equivalent of the middle-finger to people in Russia, the Middle East, West Africa, and South America <ref name="book"></ref>. The person with folded hands ("🙏") often is supposed to  mean thank you or please. Many times in Western areas, this emoji is taken as a prayer or is sometimes confused as a high five.<ref name="book"></ref>
  

Revision as of 17:51, 11 April 2018

Small sample of over 1,000 emojis available
E
mojis are small pictographic images used to represent emotions, symbols, and objects in electronic communication. Emojis were first introduced to ITCs in Japan, where the Japanese words meaning “e” (“picture”) and “moji” (“character”) gave the word its roots. After later being encoded as Unicode characters, emojis have been able to disperse quickly and easily into many different interfaces all across the world. Now there are over 1,400 unique emojis [1] spanning categories including smileys, animals, food, nature, activity, and symbols, and over 6 billion emojis are sent every day[2]. These characters help convey meaning, tone, and creative expression that is often absent in textual conversation. However, the rapid integration of emojis into many different aspects of digital culture gives rise to ethical concerns surrounding literacy and miscommunication, as demonstrated by a few particular court cases.

History

Emojis were first created by Japanese telecom companies in the early 1990s, during which pagers were a popular form of communication and expression amongst teenagers. NTT Domco was looking for a way to set itself apart from competitors to capitalize in this market. Therefore, inspired by the heart image that NTT Domco already offered in their messaging service, Shigetaka Kurita invented the emoji to offer other visualizations of emotions for use in digital communication[3]. Soon after, many other Japanese mobile companies began to offer similar characters. However, because these emojis were preloaded onto mobile phones, they wouldn't load when sent to other carriers. Therefore, the Unicode Consortium came together in 2005 to encode a standard unicode set of emojis that could be used across carriers [4]. Once adopted by Apple’s iOS5 in 2011, many others including Android, Microsoft, Google, Facebook and Twitter followed suit and have integrated emojis into their program. Though Japanese firm Unicode is responsible for picking which emoji earn their spots on the keyboard, it is still up to individual software developers to decide how each one gets visually rendered on their devices. (This explains why, for example, the gun emoji become a lime-green water gun on Apple iMessage, but is represented as an actual revolver on Microsoft phones.) [5]

Versions

Examples of Emojis across different unicode encodings

In August 2016, Unicode released its first major package of emoji documentation, which included all icons approved between 2010 and 2015 (including certain characters from Unicode 6.0, Unicode 6.1, Unicode 7.0 and Unicode 8.0). Prior to this release, no major software vendors supported emojis from Unicode 7.0 or newer. [6]

In November 2015 (just three months after Emoji 1.0 released), Unicode launched this initial update to specify which emojis should utilize the skin tone modifier. Emoji 2.0 offers a diverse range of modern family dynamic combinations (such as "Man, Man, Boy" and "Woman, Woman, Boy"). This update represents the first serious effort by Unicode to diversify its characters [7]

In June 2016, Unicode simultaneously released Emoji 3.0 and Unicode 9.0. This release recommended which of the Unicode emojis should support multiple different variations of skin tones and continued enacting Unicode's mission to diversify its character-base. [8]

On November 28, 2016, Unicode released Emoji 4.0, a new batch of characters with a far more inclusive agenda. Emoji 4.0 brought more gender-neutral emojis than its predecessors, including 16 new emoji professions, a Rainbow Flag, and a United Nations Flag. [9] All professions can be set to feature either a male or a female in its specified role, which is considered critically important to female equality efforts internationally. [5]

In June 2017, Unicode is expected to release a set of 70+ emoji that will represent a fifth generation of the characters. Emoji 5.0 is expected to include icons of fantasy creatures (such as fairies, genies, vampires, wizards, zombies and more), previously unlisted foods (fortune cookie, wontons, a freshly baked pie, a sandwich, and a pretzel), and newly represented versions of humans (including a breastfeeding women, older people, people who wear headscarves, a vomiting face, a cursing face, a face with stars for eyes, and more). [10]

Usage & Communication

Emojis are commonly used in text messaging

Since their introduction, emojis quickly emerged into everyday discourse and transformed traditional electronic communication. Emojis are widely used on social media and in digital messaging, with over 74% of Americans and 82% of Chinese saying they have used them in messaging apps[11]. People mostly tend to use emojis that depict facial expressions and body signals, of which the "Face with Tears" emoji ("😂") is the most used, followed by the red heart emoji, and the "Smiling Face with Heart-eyes" emoji ("😍")[12].

When used in communication, emojis enable users to shorten input [12] into messages that would otherwise require more thorough explanation [13], and enhance understanding by offering graphic annotations of visual cues and voice recognition typically present face-to-face and in speech. Beyond strengthening comprehension of one another, emojis also allow for improved cross-cultural communication and understanding as they are a "ubiquitous language"[12] whose illustrations can transcend language barriers [14].

While emojis have fostered understanding amongst individuals and around the world, emojis can also be ambiguous and cause miscommunication. Though they have specific definitions, the interpretation of an emoji's meaning may differ from one person to the next, such as when trying to express humor or sarcasm, and especially when an emoji has double-meaning used to express two different things. For example, the Eggplant emoji ("🍆"), can represent a literal eggplant, but is also commonly used as a sexual innuendo[11], particularly by Americans. Not only are specific emojis used more frequently in certain countries over others, but emojis meaning can differ according to culture.

Culture

Usage

Set of popular used emojis usage frequency in different countries

The most frequently used emojis tend to differ from one culture to the next. People in France and Russia have a greater tendency to use emojis related to love. Meanwhile, Australians are more likely to use emojis related to drugs and alcohol [15].

Meaning

The meaning of certain emojis can also often differ from one culture to another. Much of this difference occurs in translation from eastern to western culture. Since emojis originated in Japan, the meaning of an emoji specific to eastern culture may have evolved to imply something else in the West. For example, the "Women with Bunny Ears" emoji ("👯") is often taken to mean fun or "let's party" to the Western world, though it was originally purposed to refer to the equivalent of Playboy Bunnies in Japanese culture [16]. Another example is the "Information Desk Person" (💁) emoji, which is commonly interpreted in America as a hair flip emoji as opposed to a woman offering help or information [17]. This cultural difference in interpretation extends to other cultures around the world, such as the "Thumbs Up" ("👍") emoji which represents a job-well done in western culture, but implies the Western equivalent of the middle-finger to people in Russia, the Middle East, West Africa, and South America [14]. The person with folded hands ("🙏") often is supposed to mean thank you or please. Many times in Western areas, this emoji is taken as a prayer or is sometimes confused as a high five.[14]

In Popular Culture

  • Oxford Dictionaries named the "Face with Tears of Joy" emoji as the Word of the Year in 2015 [18]
  • Emojis have been used in many marketing campaigns such as Coca-Cola [19]
  • Facebook used emojis to modify their original "Like" feature to include 6 other types of reactions [20]
  • Snapchat incorporated emojis to compare a users friends and show a users achievements in their Trophy Case [21]
  • A movie about emojis called The Emoji Movie came out in 2017

Ethics

Emoji usage raises ethical concerns relating to literacy and miscommunication. Emoji's integration into digital communication signifies the shift in traditional methods of reading and writing. Furthermore, emojis imply a change in the human consciousness and how it processes information, as it used to process textual information more literally, but is now able to process information more imaginatively[12] through the open interpretation of the pictorial annotations.

However, this open interpretation of emojis can also lead to miscommunication amongst users who place different meaning on emojis than intended by either the sender or from the actual significance of the emoji. Like text sent from one person to another via an electronic device, the sender's intentions of an emoji can be skewed based on the meaning that is picked up by the receiver. This miscommunication can lead to many consequences, ranging from negligible to catastrophic.

Controversy

Emojis have been subject to a wide variety of controversy regarding their representation of race, gender, violence, etc. For example, In Apple's release of iOS10 in 2016, Apple changed the pistol emoji to a water gun, put female faces in stereotypical male jobs and sports[22], and similarly added male versions of stereotypically female roles such as that of the dancing women with bunny ears. The iOS 10 update also introduced the rainbow flag which correlated to Apple's public commitment to diversity and the support of causes. [23] Apple's response speaks to the limits of online representation. Through these changes, it shows how much impact societal norms have on a company and the technology involved. Apple is only one of the many companies that have emojis, however, and many of the other technology companies have not yet diversified their set of emojis.

Emojis and Race

Before 2015, many people complained that emoji faces were under-representing certain groups with darker skin tones, since all emojis used white faces. In April of 2015, Apple released emoji's in 6 different skin colors in response to these complaints and in an effort to promote diversity. [24] Since the addition of these emojis with skin tones, there have also be questions regarding the use of skin tones by people of different races. An author in The Atlantic questioned why they didn't see much use of the emoji with the lightest skin, even by those who are light-skinned. [25] There have also been questions about whether it is considered cultural appropriation if white people use emojis with darker skin tones. [25] Ann Friedman, a host of the podcast Call Your Girlfriend, concluded that it depends on in what context you are using the emoji-whether you are using the emoji as a direct representation of yourself, or a persona separate from yourself.[25]

Emojis and Disabilities

As of today, most emojis available are able-bodied. In recent months, there has been a campaign [26] to introduce emojis with disabilities. As a result, Apple is supposedly introducing thirteen new emojis including a person in a wheelchair.

Emojis and Violence

In lieu of the recent controversies surrounding gun violence and gun control, Apple changed the gun emoji from an actual pistol to a water gun. While gun control groups supported the conversion as it showed Apple taking a stance for more gun control. The backlash surrounding this switch revolved it being seen as inconsequential as it did not reduce crime or reduce the amount of shootings. Another problem that arose was that this water gun switch was only on Apple, so if an iMessage user uses the emoji, there's no guarantee that the gun will be seen as a water gun on an Android if the software hasn't been updated, rendering the update almost useless. Although, there have been cases where using certain emoji have had real consequences. Along with the gun emoji, several other weapon emojis have been regularly used to threaten people. For example, a 12-year-old girl faced criminal charges for posting the following in an Instagram caption that was interpreted to be threatening her school:[27]

Killing 🔫 “meet me in the library Tuesday” 🔫 🔪 💣

Other cases include a grand jury in New York City that had to decide if 👮🔫🔫🔫 that a teen posted was a real threat to police officers, a Michigan judge who was asked to interpret the meaning of :P, and even a case that reached the Supreme Court over what qualifies as a threat.[27]

Emojis as Part of Evidence in Court

In a 2015 trial at the Federal District Court in New York City, Ross W. Ulbricht was being charged with managing an online black-market bazaar called Silk Road, where "several thousand vendors sold drugs and other illicit goods." As a federal prosecutor finished reading the text of an internet post, Ulbricht's lawyer raised an objection, saying a smiley face emoji at the end of the post was wrongly omitted from the reading despite being part of the evidence. The lawyer argued that chats were designed to be seen and read, not heard, and that certain forms of writing, such as "???", all capital letters, distorted words like "soooo", and emoticons, couldn't be reliably conveyed orally in court. As a result, he asked all chats involved in the case to be shown to the jury before the trial instead of read out loud.[28]

This case revealed questions about how chats, messages, and symbols should be presented in court, as well as how jurors should be taught about unfamiliar terms like Bitcoin, a virtual currency used to conduct Silk Road transactions, and Tor network, where online activity is anonymous. Lack of understanding about these technical terms and context of emoji-usage raised questions about whether the jury could make the best decisions. This demonstrates that as new technology arises, new rules and regulations also have to evolve to keep up.

(^ Citation from class readings is required here, but I can't remember which reading this idea is from.)

Emoji versus Formal Language

Another concern about the increasingly popular use of emojis is that it might harm our ability to use formal language, especially for the younger generations. As is well known, emojis are not just smiling faces that represent emotions, but also includes pictures of items, symbols, actions, etc. With the increasing popularity of using emojis in place of words and sentences in the communications of this younger age group, it raises issues concerning whether formal human languages are losing their significance and whether the younger generation will gradually lose ability to communicate by using formal languages in the right way. Furthermore, due to the lack of expressing accuracy and universal explanations of emojis, the potential consequences are hard to expect. [29]

References

  1. ↑ "Emojipedia.org", Emojipedia. Emoji Statistics. Web. 04 Apr. 2017.
  2. ↑ Hamilton, Bevan. "Emojis: Are They Changing How We Communicate with Each Other?", CBCnews. CBC/Radio Canada, 04 Apr. 2017.
  3. ↑ Blagdon, Jeff. "How Emoji Conquered the World.", The Verge. Vox Media, Inc.", 04 Mar. 2013.
  4. ↑ Y., Y. "What Emoji Are.", The Economist Newspaper. The Economist, 21 July 2015. Web. 04 Apr. 2017.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Titcomb, James. "New 'gender Equality' Emoji to Show Women at Work." The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, 15 July 2016.
  6. ↑ http://emojipedia.org/emoji-1.0/
  7. ↑ http://emojipedia.org/emoji-2.0/
  8. ↑ http://emojipedia.org/emoji-3.0/
  9. ↑ http://emojipedia.org/emoji-4.0/
  10. ↑ Kircher, Madison Malone."Merman and Breastfeeding Woman Among 69 Emoji Coming Soon to a Keyboard Near You." Select All. N.p., n.d
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Sternbergh, Adam. Smile, You're Speaking Emoji: The Rapid Evolution of a Wordless Tongue. 16 Nov. 2014. Web. "Daily Intelligencer. New York Media, LLC"
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Lu, Xuan, Wei Ai, Xuanzhe Liu, Qian Li, Ning Wang, Gang Huang, and Qiaozhu Mei. Learning from the Ubiquitous Language. 12 Sept. 2016. "Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing - UbiComp '16 (2016): n. pag. Ubicomp '16."
  13. ↑ Waude, Adam. Do Emoticons Help Us To Better Communicate Emotions? 29 Apr. 2016. "Psychologist World"
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Danesi, Marcel. The Semiotics of Emoji: The Rise of Visual Language in the Age of the Internet. London: Bloomsbury, 2017. Print
  15. ↑ Murphy, Samantha. America Leads the World in Cake and Meat Emoji. 22 Apr. 2015. "Mashable"
  16. ↑ Emojipedia. 👯 Woman With Bunny Ears Emoji. n.d. Web. 04 Apr. 2017. "Emojipedia"
  17. ↑ 10 Emoji Meanings That Don't Mean What You Think They Mean https://www.lifewire.com/less-obvious-emoji-meanings-3485884
  18. ↑ Steinmetz, Katy. Oxford's 2015 Word of the Year Is This Emoji. 16 Nov. 2015. "Time Inc"
  19. ↑ Nudd, Tim. Coke Spreads Happiness Online With Emoji Web Addresses. 19 Feb. 2015. "Adweek"
  20. ↑ Emojipedia. Facebook. n.d. Web. 04 Apr. 2017. "Emojipedia"
  21. ↑ Emojipedia. Snapchat. n.d. Web. 04 Apr. 2017. "Emojipedia"
  22. ↑ Kelly, Heather Apple replaces the pistol n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2017. "CNN"
  23. ↑ http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/apple-emoji-ios-10-gun-water-pistol-men-women-cats-keyboard-a7167801.html
  24. ↑ Tutt, Paige Apple's New Diverse Emoji n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2017. "Washington Post"
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 McGill, Andrew. "Why White People Don't Use White Emoji" The Atlantic (9 May 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2017).
  26. ↑ https://mashable.com/2018/03/23/apple-emoji-people-with-disabilities/#Bci3uX7qUPqo
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Jouvenal, J. (2017). A 12-year-old girl is facing criminal charges for using emoji. She's not alone. The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 April 2017, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2016/02/27/a-12-year-old-girl-is-facing-criminal-charges-for-using-emoji-shes-not-alone/?utm_term=.e1621bcc6b62
  28. ↑ Weiser, B. (2015). At Silk Road Trial, Lawyers Fight to Include Evidence They Call Vital: Emoji. The New York Times. Retrieved 9 April 2017, from https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/29/nyregion/trial-silk-road-online-black-market-debating-emojis.html
  29. ↑ Joan, Gage. (2015). Are Emoticons And Emojis Destroying Our Language? from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joan-gage/emoticons-and-emojis-destroying-our-language_b_7950460.html
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