Difference between revisions of "Data Mining and Manipulation"

Revision as of 04:18, 22 February 2016

Algorithms are silently influencing the way people interact online

Advancements in computer algorithms have presented a myriad of ethical and morality questions. While the implementation of computer algorithms in software products provides real-time feedback to help design better user-interfaces and experiences, algorithms can also be used as a weapon, to unintentionally inflict harm to millions of clients, as in the 2010 case when Facebook manipulated its users' emotions. This monumental Facebook case presents a discussion for examining transparency,__________,_________, embedded in computer algorithms.

Algorithm Development

Algorithms are mathematical and logic processes that serve as instructions for processing data or performing calculations.^[1] Algorithms have experienced major breakthroughs that have allowed it to replace traditional data mining technologies. Data mining technologies have historically used statistical modeling software such as HP's Vertica Analytics Platform and powerful computers to process large amounts of data. These traditional tools offer great analysis but at great costs. These technologies are extremely expensive especially considering HP's Vertical Software costs nearly $100,000-$150,000 per terabyte.^[2] Algorithms provide a resource effective solution that cuts back costs, physical space, and time.

As the "Internet of Things" drastically multiplied over the years, traditional data mining software and computers became inefficient. As such, there was a growing need in commercial markets to develop new technologies that were able to process and analyze data quickly and cheaply. Algorithms within the context of Mathematics and Computer Science, were refined and found to help alleviate some of the logistical problems in data mining. Even though algorithms have been around since the dawn ages, Computer Science algorithms have recently seen development and application to technological platforms. The benefit of algorithms is that it filters out data real-time and automatically. Algorithms allow developers to build in implementation directly into the application/website and allows developers to incorporate the algorithms' analysis in real-time.

Applications

Facebook News Feed Algorithm

Algorithms are widely used in the field of consumerism. Financial companies have long used mathematical algorithms to determine portfolio investments, predict stock change, and inform clients of possible future decisions. However, the social media site Facebook has recently pioneered the data mining industry over the past decade with its implementation of a variety of algorithms in collecting and processing data from 1.23 billion active users.^[3] It has especially pioneered machine learning algorithms to analyze the online behavior of a user's status updates, comments, likes, and groups. The most famous Facebook algorithm is the news feed algorithm which recently received spotlight in the 2010 case. By effectively drawing patterns from the sustained usage of millions of users, Facebook designers and developers are able to get feedback on design changes and functionalities. This in turn helps Facebook create a more user-friendlier social networking site that attracts and retains more users.

2010 Case of Data Manipulation

Monumental Facebook Ethics Case

Overview

In 2010, Facebook was involved in a controversy that revolved around its News Feed algorithm. A team of Facebook data scientists, led by Adam Kramer, sought to know if displaying all "negative" or "positive" statuses, pictures, news, and comments were to alter the behavior in the same way a user was influenced.^[4] For users flooded with inspirational quotes, ideas, pictures, and upbeat statuses, were they more likely to conform to the behavior of the environment and even adopt the same mindset? Thus, this team of data scientists set out on a research project in collaboration with PNAS that altered the News Feeds of 689,003 users. Facebook, without the consent from these "guinea pigs", employed developers to tweak the algorithms for these users. The reason why they did not need consent from users beforehand was because these users had agreed to the terms and conditions outlined in the Facebook's data use policy.^[4] It explicitly states in the terms and conditions during initial user registration that user information will be used "for internal operations, including troubleshooting, data analysis, testing, research and service improvement". ^[5]

This experiment was conducted between January 11th-18th, 2012.^[4] Over the course of the week, algorithms filtered forward either strictly "positive" or "negative" feeds for these users. The result, according to Adam Kramer, was contagious, "When positive expressions were reduced, people produced fewer positive posts and more negative posts; when negative expressions were reduced, the opposite pattern occurred."^[4] Facebook concluded that the emotions exhibited by a user's community directly influences his/her own behavior on the social network site, as evidenced by the PNAS research paper published, "We show, via a massive (N = 689,003) experiment on Facebook, that emotional states can be transferred to others via emotional contagion, leading people to experience the same emotions without their awareness. We provide experimental evidence that emotional contagion occurs without direct interaction between people (exposure to a friend expressing an emotion is sufficient), and in the complete absence of nonverbal cues." ^[6]

Public Perception

Public perception of this research study initially caused widespread anger and terror. News media and journalists were extremely quick to jump to conclusions and most headlines created this rhetoric that Facebook was manipulating its users. This still to this day, is the reputation and rhetoric surrounding this case.

Facebook's Response

Facebook responded to the initial criticism of the study by focusing more on privacy and data use rather than the ethical dilemmas of emotional manipulation.^[4] Facebook maintains the fact that the research conducted used data that wasn't linked to a specific user's Facebook account. ^[4] However, this statement is correct; Facebook didn't use a specific user's data, but rather altered the composite News Feed algorithm. In short, Facebook continually maintains the fact that its research in understanding how people react to emotional content is important in improving the social media site and to make it as relevant and engaging as possible.

Ethical Concerns

Informed Consent

Facebook conducted this study because researchers found a loophole in its data use policy that allowed the team to continue without consent. Many critics have been extremely vocal in expressing that Facebook makes its own rules to follow. The very fact that it manipulated its users' emotions has been compared to mass human experimentation by the Nazis.

The team may have bent research standards too far, possibly overstepping criteria enshrined in federal law and human rights declarations. “If you are exposing people to something that causes changes in psychological status, that’s experimentation,” says James Grimmelmann, a professor of technology and the law at the University of Maryland. “This is the kind of thing that would require informed consent.”

Ah, informed consent. Here is the only mention of “informed consent” in the paper: The research “was consistent with Facebook’s Data Use Policy, to which all users agree prior to creating an account on Facebook, constituting informed consent for this research.”

That is not how most social scientists define informed consent.

Here is the relevant section of Facebook’s data use policy: “For example, in addition to helping people see and find things that you do and share, we may use the information we receive about you ... for internal operations, including troubleshooting, data analysis, testing, research and service improvement.”

Ideally, Facebook would have a consent process for willing study participants: a box to check somewhere saying you’re okay with being subjected to the occasional random psychological experiment that Facebook’s data team cooks up in the name of science. As opposed to the commonplace psychological manipulation cooked up by advertisers trying to sell you stuff.

Transparency

There are some major ethical concerns with Facebook's behavior and decisions recently regarding transparency. Facebook avoided obtaining informed consent by finding a clause within its data use policy. While Facebook could legally have conducted this research, the way it went about doing so wasn't transparent. In fact, Gregory McNeal of Forbes noted that Facebook added the phrase "research" months after it conducted its initial research. ^[7] Facebook should have been more open in sending out a notice to those users affected by its study.

See Also

References