Difference between revisions of "CAPTCHA"
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=== reCAPTCHA === | === reCAPTCHA === | ||
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+ | reCAPTCHA is a notable CAPTCHA service and company originally affiliated with Carnegie Mellon University's School of Computer Science.<ref name=reCAPTCHA>von Ahn, L., Maurer, B., McMillen, C., Abraham, D., & Blum, M. (2008, September 12). reCAPTCHA: Human-Based Character Recognition via Web Security Measures. Science, 321, 1465–1468. 10.1126/science.1160379</ref><ref name=RECAPTCHA.NET>reCAPTCHA. (2009). About Us. | ||
+ | https://web.archive.org/web/20100611210259/http://recaptcha.net/aboutus.html</ref> Luis von Ahn, who was a part of the original CAPTCHA team in 2000, is credited as the project’s executive producer, and the project is the original team’s officially recommended CAPTCHA iteration.<ref name=CAPTCHA.NET>Carnegie Mellon University. (2000–2010). The Official CAPTCHA Site. http://www.captcha.net/</ref><ref name=RECAPTCHA.NET>reCAPTCHA. (2009). About Us. | ||
+ | https://web.archive.org/web/20100611210259/http://recaptcha.net/aboutus.html</ref> | ||
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+ | Google acquired the project in September 2009<ref name=ACQUISITION>von Ahn, L., & Cathcart, W. (2009, September 16). Teaching computers to read: Google acquires reCAPTCHA. Google. https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/09/teaching-computers-to-read-google.html</ref> and has spearheaded successive versions (reCAPTCHA v2, reCAPTCHA v3, and reCAPTCHA Enterprise).</ref name=GoogleRECAPTCHAabout>Google. reCAPTCHA: About. https://www.google.com/recaptcha/about/</ref> The company discontinued support for reCAPTCHA v1 in 2018, but continues to support and offer successive reCAPTCHAs.<ref name=v1DISCONTINUED>Google. (2021, June 1). Choosing the type of reCAPTCHA. | ||
+ | https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/versions</ref> | ||
==== reCAPTCHA v1 ==== | ==== reCAPTCHA v1 ==== |
Revision as of 23:12, 25 January 2023
CAPTCHA is a nomenclature shorthand that refers to an assortment of automated systems used to distinguish between humans and computers. The concept was first created in 2000 by students and researchers at Carnegie Mellon University.[1][2] The earliest version of the system is credited to Luis von Ahn, Manuel Blum, Nicholas Hopper, and John Langford, whose joint academic paper introducing CAPTCHA—entitled "CAPTCHA: Using Hard AI Problems for Security"—appeared in early 2003.[3] The quartet also coined the term "CAPTCHA", which is an acronym for "Completely Automated Public Turing Test To Tell Computers and Humans Apart."[1] Since their origination, CAPTCHAs of various forms have become a ubiquitous security measure across the entirety of the internet. They are employed by Google,[4][5] Wikipedia,[6] and other companies.CAPTCHAs are designed around the limitations of current artificial intelligence, which struggle with particular tasks that humans generally have no difficulty with. However, as artificial intelligence technology progresses, new programs are often able to reliably evade existing security measures. Computer scientists view this as a win-win—either a CAPTCHA version cannot be defeated and a site remains secure, or the program employed to evade the existing CAPTCHA has successfully solved an open problem in artificial intelligence and significantly advanced the field.[1][2] Regardless, CAPTCHAs themselves must continually evolve in order to remain a step ahead of malicious programs, which has led to the propagation of new challenge systems, such as reCAPTCHA, hCAPTCHA, and ASIRRA.
CAPTCHA and its successors have been criticized for presenting a barrier to web accessibility and generating undue challenges for users with disabilities or atypical skill and knowledge sets. Such users, in addition to potentially lacking abilities presumptively possessed by the human user audience, often actively utilize technology to enable or supplement their online experiences (e.g., screen reading or speech recognition software.) Their assistive devices, being programs, are by design regularly unable to appropriately interpret or bypass certain CAPTCHAs in order to verify personhood and access the site.
Contents
Background
For example, humans typically outperform computers on image recognition tasks, especially those that require manipulation or categorization.
Evolution of Programs
Turing Test
Reverse Turing Test
Level 2
Level 2
Web Accessibility Concerns
Such users, in addition to potentially lacking skills presumptively possessed by "normal" humans, often actively utilize technology to enable or supplement their online experiences (e.g., screen reading or speech recognition software.) Their assistive devices, by design, are reliable unable to appropriately interpret or bypass certain CAPTCHA's.
social and cultural disparities (e.g., unfamiliarity with American traffic lights) legality? (e.g., internet inexperience, social access disparities, and/or different cultural backgrounds)
presumption of experience
age
disabilities
Artificial Intelligence Progress
Computer Evasion
Use to Train Programs
Timeline and Versions
original versions still in use btw
CAPTCHA
text
reCAPTCHA
reCAPTCHA is a notable CAPTCHA service and company originally affiliated with Carnegie Mellon University's School of Computer Science.[7][8] Luis von Ahn, who was a part of the original CAPTCHA team in 2000, is credited as the project’s executive producer, and the project is the original team’s officially recommended CAPTCHA iteration.[1][8]
Google acquired the project in September 2009[9] and has spearheaded successive versions (reCAPTCHA v2, reCAPTCHA v3, and reCAPTCHA Enterprise).</ref name=GoogleRECAPTCHAabout>Google. reCAPTCHA: About. https://www.google.com/recaptcha/about/</ref> The company discontinued support for reCAPTCHA v1 in 2018, but continues to support and offer successive reCAPTCHAs.[10]
reCAPTCHA v1
reCAPTCHA v3
reCAPTCHA v3
reCAPTCHA Enterprise
Other Versions
SQUIGL-PIX
ESP-PIX
NuCAPTCHA
hCAPTCHA
ASIRRA
text
Future Versions
enabled an open problem in artificial intelligence.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Carnegie Mellon University. (2000–2010). The Official CAPTCHA Site. http://www.captcha.net/
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Robinson, S. (2002, December 10). Human or Computer? Take This Test. The New York Times, F1.
- ↑ von Ahn, L., Blum, M., Hopper, N.J., Langford, J. (2003). CAPTCHA: Using Hard AI Problems for Security. In: Biham, E. (eds) Advances in Cryptology — EUROCRYPT 2003. EUROCRYPT 2003. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 2656. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-39200-9_18
- ↑ Google. reCAPTCHA. https://www.google.com/recaptcha/about/
- ↑ Google. reCAPTCHA Help. https://support.google.com/recaptcha/?hl=en
- ↑ Wikipedia. Create Account. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount
- ↑ von Ahn, L., Maurer, B., McMillen, C., Abraham, D., & Blum, M. (2008, September 12). reCAPTCHA: Human-Based Character Recognition via Web Security Measures. Science, 321, 1465–1468. 10.1126/science.1160379
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 reCAPTCHA. (2009). About Us. https://web.archive.org/web/20100611210259/http://recaptcha.net/aboutus.html
- ↑ von Ahn, L., & Cathcart, W. (2009, September 16). Teaching computers to read: Google acquires reCAPTCHA. Google. https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/09/teaching-computers-to-read-google.html
- ↑ Google. (2021, June 1). Choosing the type of reCAPTCHA. https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/versions