Artificial Intelligence in China

In the 21st century, Artificial Intelligence(AI) has been a vital part of China's technology industry. It's being used across myriads of sectors including education, video games, military, automotive, healthcare, government, manufacturing, finance, cybersecurity, and art, among many more. It's also implemented in many applications including AI chatbots(such as Xiaoice), search engines(such as Baidu), drones, self-driving cars, and China's Social Credit System. The amount of applications and possible benefits is too numerous to list, but there have been many controversies surrounding these applications. AI has been a prevalent part of China's citizens day to day life with its mass surveillance systems installed throughout the country, which has raised many questions of privacy and the devaluation of humanity. In 2017, China's State Council issued a centralized national strategy to promote the development of AI, envisioning a future where it will aid in industrial transformation, better social governance, and maintaining social stability. China plans to incorporate the technology in almost all industries to become a global superpower for AI by 2030. However, because AI is advancing so rapidly, people consider it to be a danger to humanity if it progresses without being subjected to rules and regulations. As a result, the government created an ethics board and the first official Governance Principles for the New Generation of Artificial Intelligence to ensure the responsible development of the technology. Many ethical issues still arise with AI and its governance in China today but it continues to help solve many challenging problems in computer science, software engineering, and operations research, influencing billions of lives.

Early History of Science and Technology Policy in China

In 1950s China, both the Chinese government and its scientists rejected the advancement of cybernetics, which according to Kolmogorov was science concerned with the study of systems of any nature which are capable of receiving, storing and processing information. Because China was faced with enormous damage from WWII at the time, it did not have the resources to focus on science and technology. Cybernetics was deemed as a bourgeois pseudoscience and many scientists rejected its influence. Then in the 1960s, political campaigns such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution led to steep economics declines, exiles of many intellectuals, and paralyzed education systems, which further led to the decline of technology and science advancement. The "Gang of Four", a powerful political faction in China, criticized scientific theories such as Einstein's theory of relativity, Weiner's cybernetics, and the Big Bang Theory, preventing people from indulging in scientific and technological research.

Turning Point

However in the 1970s, after the Gang of Four lost its power and the Cultural Revolution ended, the year 1978 became a turning point for the development of science and technology in China. The People's Republic of China held the first National Science Conference that year in Beijing to encourage the development of scientific and technological research. Deng Xiaoping, the leader of the People's Republic of China at the time, stressed in his opening remarks that science and technology were productive forces, and the key to China's modernizations was the modernization of science and technology. The first cybernetics and AI research project was proposed here as a result.

Recent History

quick recent history of AI in China

Government Supports AI

China is catching up fast in the AI industry and one of its biggest reasons is its collaboration between the Chinese government, private sector, investors, and academia. With the government funding the industry through developing national AI research centers, adding university courses on AI, enforcing tax policies benefitting technology companies developing or adopting AI, and initiatives to attract more AI talent and projects, the government's top-down approach help propel China's goal to be an AI superpower. Moreover, the country's millions of online connected users and surveillance on its citizens establish the biggest consumer database that any institution can use to train its AI technologies.

Plan for the Development of New Generation Artificial Intelligence

On July 20, 2017, the state council released an official Plan for the Development of New Generation Artificial Intelligence - the first of its kind to address AI as a national strategy in China. It outlined goals to build a domestic AI industry worth 150 billion RMB in the next few years and become the leading AI power by 2030.

• By 2020, the government expects “its companies and research facilities to be at the same level as leading AI countries like the United States” and the technology to become an important driver for economic growth

• By 2025, there will be major breakthroughs for fundamental AI theories and China will become the world’s leading level for some sets of AI technologies. AI will be applied in most areas such as smart manufacturing, smart healthcare, smart cities, smart agriculture, and national defense

• By 2030, China will become the world’s leader and global center for all AI theories, technologies, and applications. AI will also be deeply integrated into most industries

As a result of this plan, more than 1000 AI companies in China pushed out its first commercial applications a year later and the State Council allocated 2.1 billion RMB on an AI industrial park in Mentougou district.

AI Applications in China

AI traffic cameras tracking car plates and people crossing

China has world-leading companies in computer vision, speech recognition and natural language processing, including SenseTime, Unisound, iFLYTEK, and Megvii, says Zheng Nanning, director of the Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics at Xi’an Jiaotong University. But this is only the tip of the iceberg when it comes to how AI is applied and utilized in China.

Crime and Traffic Safety

The largest algorithm provider in China as well as the fifth-largest AI platform, SenseTime developed a facial recognition system called DeepID that lets China's police departments analyze video footage to catch criminals, track car plates to support traffic management, recognize traffic incidents to alert authorities, and track driver's motions to identify if they are falling asleep behind the wheel among many other applications.

Education

students using AI learning on their computers

Squirrel AI

Over 1 billion RMB was invested in AI education in 2019 and one of these companies was Squirrel AI Learning. It uses adaptive learning, an education technology that utilizes AI to understand what learning materials a student is struggling with, then respond in real-time providing them with individual support until they master the subject. Currently, the company has opened over 1700 schools in more than 200 cities across China using this technology.

Facial Recognition in the Classroom

AI, brain wave trackers, and cameras are being installed in classrooms to enhance teaching methods and monitor students' attention levels. By using facial recognition technology, brain wave trackers, and a live platform for students to point out what they understand and don't understand in class, schools could design curriculum around the students' attention patterns, better assess attendance, improve student engagement and learning activities, proctor exams, and enable educators to measure the effectiveness of their teaching methods. Parents could also get live information about their children's learning patterns, attention levels, and engagement in class.

Online Banking

When China’s government declared in 2017 that being the global leader in autonomous technology was a national priority, technologies like AI, 5G wireless networks, robotics, and smart cities became a priority associated with it as well.

reword this "Since then, developments in China have come at a blistering pace, thanks in part to four of the nation’s biggest tech firms, including the three largest Internet companies: Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent. Chinese officials dubbed search giant Baidu a “national champion” in self-driving cars last year. The centerpiece of its effort is dubbed the “Apollo Project,” an open-source software platform launched in April 2017 to enable a wide range of industry players to collaborate. Among those who have signed on so far: Ford, Daimler, Intel, Nvidia, Microsoft and Bosch. Baidu began mass production of a fully autonomous bus in July with partner King Long Motor Group, and expects to begin building semi-autonomous passenger vehicles with partners JAC Motor and BAIC Motor next year. Apollo Go and Apollo 5.0 Perhaps not coincidentally, Changsha will also serve as the pilot site for Apollo Go, Baidu’s ongoing robo-taxi project. A future 5G network and an “intelligent” roadway upgrade dubbed the Apollo Intelligent Vehicle Infrastructure Cooperative System — both of which are part of Hunan’s smart city initiative — will lay the groundwork for what Baidu is claiming will be China’s largest self-driving taxi fleet. When it rolls out in earnest, customers will be able to hail a ride via the Apollo Go smartphone app, and the cars will integrate with smart road infrastructure to “improve safety.”

Controversies and Ethics

students with brain-wave trackers and cameras watching them in the classroom

AI in Education

With data about each student in the classroom, students and their families are worried about not knowing whether any of their data is being shared or what data thereof is being shared with their future schools and universities. Specifically, what if data about how focused each student was in class is shared with future schools, damaging their chances of getting their dream education? This is an example of how privacy has been an ongoing issue with AI as not all technologies are transparent with what data they're sharing and what's not.

Face-Swapping

Zao, a face-swapping technology, first intended for users to swap their faces with friends and family for fun later posed a security threat to many of China's facial recognition payment systems as users could pose as other users to use their bank cards.

AI Governance Principles in China

Many AI technologies and applications were developed as a result of the national strategy but an ethics board to govern the rapid development was still not created yet. On June 17, 2019, China’s Ministry of Science and Technology published the first official Governance Principles for the New Generation of Artificial Intelligence. After several rounds of expert consultations and discussions, the Ministry’s New AI Governance Expert Committee proposed eight principles to ensure the development of responsible AI:

1) Harmony and friendship

AI must align with society’s values and ethics; misuses and abuses must be prevented and prohibited

2) Fairness and justice

AI must protect the interest of all stakeholders and promote equal opportunities; prejudice and bias must be eliminated in data acquisition, algorithm design, product research, technology development, and the application itself

3) Inclusiveness and sharing

AI must aim to enhance the well-being of humanity; AI education must be strengthened and accessible to disadvantaged people and industries; data and platform monopolies must be prevented and open cooperation is encouraged

4) Respect for Privacy

personal privacy should be respected and protected; privacy standards should be established for the collection, storage, processing, and use of personal information in all aspects of product development

5) Security and Controllability

the public should have the right to know what data is being shared and the right to choose what to share; AI development should be transparent and ways to supervise, manage, track, and monitor those systems should be developed

6) Shared Responsibility

AI developers, users, and all stakeholders have the shared responsibility to respect laws, ethics, and norms; an accountability system will be developed to assess the role of each

7) Open Collaboration

interdisciplinary and cross border collaboration is encouraged and interactions in the development and governance of AI are promoted among the general public, research institutions, educational institutions, social organizations, enterprises, government departments, and international organizations

8) Agile Governance

management and governance systems will be constantly updated and improved throughout the AI product and services life cycle; research of potential risks related to the AI will be done to ensure it will continuously enhance the well-being of humanity

Future Plans

Overall, China is continuously investing in AI research domestically and globally - it has published the highest amount of AI research papers so far, but numbers show they’re cited significantly less than US and EU papers. Even so, China is investing in improving the quality of its AI research papers by pushing three initiatives:

1) China’s New Generation AI Development Plan, which calls for China to have made significant breakthroughs in AI theory by 2025

2) The Chinese government has created research centers, including the Artificial Intelligence Research Center, which has more than 100 employees.

3) The Chinese Ministry of Industry and Information Technology plans to allocate $950 million annually to fund strategic AI projects.