Artificial Intelligence in China

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History of AI

Stagnating development

In the 1950s, China was faced with enormous damage from WWII and hence, did not have the resources to focus on the advancement of science and technology. Cybernetics was deemed as a bourgeois pseudoscience and many scientists rejected its influence. Then in the 1960s, political campaigns such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution led to steep economics declines, exiles of many intellectuals, and paralyzed education systems, which further led to the decline of technology and science advancement. The "Gang of Four", a powerful political faction in China, moreover criticized scientific theories such as Einstein's theory of relativity, Weiner's cybernetics, and the Big Bang Theory.

Turning Point

However in the 1970s, after the Gang of Four lost its power and the Cultural Revolution ended, the year 1978 became a turning point for the development of science and technology in China. The People's Republic of China held the first National Science Conference that year in Beijing to encourage the development of scientific and technological research as well as policies to support them. The first cybernetics and AI research project was proposed here.

Rapid Development

China has been developing AI since ______, with the first company ______ specializing in ______. Then in 2017, the Chinese government included AI in its national strategy for the first time, encouraging rapid development and adoption of the technology throughout the country. As a result, more than 1000 AI companies in China pushed out its first commercial applications a year later – including ___, ____.... and the State Council planned to spend $2.1 billion on an AI industrial park in Mentougou district.

AI breakthroughs in China

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AI investment between China and the west

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AI companies with most Profits

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Many of these AI companies fall into four categories: Technology, Applications, Base, and Comprehensive:

Technology – technology developed to support AI products

Applications – AI products used in industries

Base –

Comprehensive – companies working in all the previous

AI Governance Principles in China

On June 17, 2019, China’s Ministry of Science and Technology published the first official Governance Principles for the New Generation of Artificial Intelligence. After several rounds of expert consultations and discussions, the Ministry’s New AI Governance Expert Committee proposed eight principles to ensure the development of responsible AI:

1. Harmony and friendship

AI must align with society’s values and ethics; misuses and abuses must be prevented and prohibited

2. Fairness and justice

AI must protect the interest of all stakeholders and promote equal opportunities; prejudice and bias must be eliminated in data acquisition, algorithm design, product research, technology development, and the application itself

3. Inclusiveness and sharing

AI must aim to enhance the well-being of humanity; AI education must be strengthened and accessible to disadvantaged people and industries; data and platform monopolies must be prevented and open cooperation is encouraged

4. Respect for Privacy

personal privacy should be respected and protected; privacy standards should be established for the collection, storage, processing, and use of personal information in all aspects of product development

5. Security and Controllability

the public should have the right to know what data is being shared and the right to choose what to share; AI development should be transparent and ways to supervise, manage, track, and monitor those systems should be developed

6. Shared Responsibility

AI developers, users, and all stakeholders have the shared responsibility to respect laws, ethics, and norms; an accountability system will be developed to assess the role of each

7. Open Collaboration

interdisciplinary and cross border collaboration is encouraged and interactions in the development and governance of AI are promoted among the general public, research institutions, educational institutions, social organizations, enterprises, government departments, and international organizations

8. Agile Governance

management and governance systems will be constantly updated and improved throughout the AI product and services life cycle; research of potential risks related to the AI will be done to ensure it will continuously enhance the well-being of humanity

Cite this for above list http://chinainnovationfunding.eu/dt_testimonials/publication-of-the-new-generation-ai-governance-principles-developing-responsible-ai/

Plan for the Development of New Generation Artificial Intelligence

These governance principles were established after the state council’s official Plan for the Development of New Generation Artificial Intelligence on July 20, 2017. The plan was the first of its kind to address AI as a national strategy in China – it outlined goals to build a domestic AI industry worth 150 billion RMB in the next few years and become the leading AI power by 2030. There were three steps outlined in this strategy:

• By 2020, the government expects “its companies and research facilities to be at the same level as leading AI countries like the United States” and the technology to become an important driver for economic growth

• By 2025, there will be major breakthroughs for fundamental AI theories and China will become the world’s leading level for some sets of AI technologies. AI will be applied in most areas such as smart manufacturing, smart healthcare, smart cities, smart agriculture, and national defense

• By 2030, China will become the world’s leader and global center for all AI theories, technologies, and applications. AI will also be deeply integrated into most industries

Cite this http://chinainnovationfunding.eu/dt_testimonials/state-councils-plan-for-the-development-of-new-generation-artificial-intelligence/

Future Plans

China is continuously investing in AI research domestically and globally - it has published the highest amount of AI research papers so far, but numbers show they’re cited significantly less than US and EU papers. Even so, China is investing in improving the quality of its AI research papers by pushing three initiatives:

1) China’s New Generation AI Development Plan, which calls for China to have made significant breakthroughs in AI theory by 2025

2) The Chinese government has created research centers, including the Artificial Intelligence Research Center, which has more than 100 employees.

3) The Chinese Ministry of Industry and Information Technology plans to allocate $950 million annually to fund strategic AI projects.