Difference between revisions of "3D printing"

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4D printing incorporates one more dimension: the function of time. The team dubbed "Self-Assembly Lab"<ref>http://www.selfassemblylab.net/</ref> at Massachusetts Institute of Technology collaborated with [[Wikipedia:Stratasys|Stratasys]], a major 3D printing manufacturer, and the software corporation [[Wikipedia:Autodesk|Autodesk Inc]] to develop a custom-built and adaptable technology<ref>http://www.selfassemblylab.net/4DPrinting.php</ref>.
 
4D printing incorporates one more dimension: the function of time. The team dubbed "Self-Assembly Lab"<ref>http://www.selfassemblylab.net/</ref> at Massachusetts Institute of Technology collaborated with [[Wikipedia:Stratasys|Stratasys]], a major 3D printing manufacturer, and the software corporation [[Wikipedia:Autodesk|Autodesk Inc]] to develop a custom-built and adaptable technology<ref>http://www.selfassemblylab.net/4DPrinting.php</ref>.
  
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As an extension of 3D printing, 4D printing aims to skip the step of assembling the printed material ourselves to having them self-assemble as well as autonomously reshape over time. These programmable materials are created with multi-material 3D printing and their responses to changes in environment (mimicked with simple energy inputs of water, heat, and light), as well as geometric code <ref>http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/Objects-That-Change-Shape-On-Their-Own-180951449/</ref?.  
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As an extension of 3D printing, 4D printing aims to skip the step of assembling the printed material ourselves to having them self-assemble as well as autonomously reshape over time. These programmable materials are created with multi-material 3D printing and their responses to changes in environment (mimicked with simple energy inputs of water, heat, and light), as well as geometric code <ref>http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/Objects-That-Change-Shape-On-Their-Own-180951449/</ref>.  
  
 
Skylar Tibbits, a co-director and founder of Self-Assembly Labs, gave a demonstration of 4D printing at a TED Talk in 2013 <ref>https://www.ted.com/talks/skylar_tibbits_the_emergence_of_4d_printing</ref>, showing how a single 1D strand dipped in water could proceed to self-fold into the letters 'M I T'.  
 
Skylar Tibbits, a co-director and founder of Self-Assembly Labs, gave a demonstration of 4D printing at a TED Talk in 2013 <ref>https://www.ted.com/talks/skylar_tibbits_the_emergence_of_4d_printing</ref>, showing how a single 1D strand dipped in water could proceed to self-fold into the letters 'M I T'.  

Revision as of 03:26, 21 February 2017

3D print of a human head

3D printing is the popular term that refers to additive manufacturing (AM) technologies [1]. It is "additive" because it creates a three-dimensional (3D) object by layering materials upon one another, building up the object from scratch rather than removing material.[2] 3D printers possess the ability to take digital model data, created on either a computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) program, or from an Additive Manufacturing File (AMF) file, and transform it into physical objects.[3]

History

In the 1980s, 3D printing was more commonly referred to as rapid prototyping (RP) technologies.[4] In 1981, Dr. Hideo Kodama of Nagoya Municipal Industrial Research Institute filed for the first patent application for RP technology after inventing two AM construction methods of a 3D plastic model. [5]

In 1986, Charles "Chuck" Hull issued a patent for stereolithography apparatus (SLA). This would later be known as one of the earlier 3D printers. Stereolithography works by exposing a vat of liquid photopolymer, an acrylic-based material, with a UV laser beam. The UV laser beam traces the first layer of an object onto the surface of the liquid, and as that portion is exposed to the UV beam, it hardens into plastic. This process is continued on for many more layers, until the whole object is printed out. [6] As this process had already been founded by Dr. Kodama, Hull's significant role in stereolithography was the design of the STereoLithography (STL) file formatthat most 3D printing softwares can interpret to begin producing material.

AM processes also include Selective laser sintering (SLS) during which lasers meld layers of powdered material together to produce a solid object, as well as multi-jet modelling (MJM), which also builds up an object by spraying a binder solution onto layers of powder to glue them together.[7]

Concerns

Intellectual Property Rights

Finally, given the ease with which certain objects can now be replicated, it remains to be seen whether changes will be made to current copyright legislation so as to protect intellectual property rights with the new technology widely available.

Misuse

Labor Substitution

Continuing Advancements

4D Printing

4D printing incorporates one more dimension: the function of time. The team dubbed "Self-Assembly Lab"[8] at Massachusetts Institute of Technology collaborated with Stratasys, a major 3D printing manufacturer, and the software corporation Autodesk Inc to develop a custom-built and adaptable technology[9].

As an extension of 3D printing, 4D printing aims to skip the step of assembling the printed material ourselves to having them self-assemble as well as autonomously reshape over time. These programmable materials are created with multi-material 3D printing and their responses to changes in environment (mimicked with simple energy inputs of water, heat, and light), as well as geometric code [10].

Skylar Tibbits, a co-director and founder of Self-Assembly Labs, gave a demonstration of 4D printing at a TED Talk in 2013 [11], showing how a single 1D strand dipped in water could proceed to self-fold into the letters 'M I T'.

Concerns

This complex technology introduces many possibilities in engineering. It has already appeared in several businesses, such as sportswear, but soon, the focus may shift from the inorganic world to organic life. Following the same concerns that arise from 3D printing, there is also opportunity for misuse of the programmable matter, and issues in regulation concerning intellectual property law and patenting[12].

References

  1. ↑ http://faculty.poly.edu/~brao/3dppicmet.pdf
  2. ↑ Kumar, Upender, Manoj Pandey, and Tejender Singh Rawat. "Review on 3D Printing Technology and Possible Technological Improvements" <http://www.academicscience.co.in/admin/resources/project/paper/f201505111431317592.docx
  3. ↑ http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2394720,00.asp
  4. ↑ https://3dprintingindustry.com/3d-printing-basics-free-beginners-guide/history/
  5. ↑ Hideo Kodama, "A Scheme for Three-Dimensional Display by Automatic Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Model," IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Electronics (Japanese Edition), vol.J64-C, No.4, pp.237–241, April 1981
  6. ↑ http://www.academicscience.co.in/admin/resources/project/paper/f201505111431317592.docx
  7. ↑ http://www.academicscience.co.in/admin/resources/project/paper/f201505111431317592.docx
  8. ↑ http://www.selfassemblylab.net/
  9. ↑ http://www.selfassemblylab.net/4DPrinting.php
  10. ↑ http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/Objects-That-Change-Shape-On-Their-Own-180951449/
  11. ↑ https://www.ted.com/talks/skylar_tibbits_the_emergence_of_4d_printing
  12. ↑ http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/publications/The_Next_Wave_4D_Printing_Programming_the_Material_World.pdf
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