Difference between revisions of "Fact Checking"
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=== Misinformation Policies === | === Misinformation Policies === | ||
Establishing a political misinformation policy means that platforms acknowledge disinformation when it appears and potentially enforce penalties for content/users that frequently violate their guidelines. | Establishing a political misinformation policy means that platforms acknowledge disinformation when it appears and potentially enforce penalties for content/users that frequently violate their guidelines. | ||
− | *Facebook has partnered with a third party fact check platform to implement a remove/reduce/inform policy. This means that ad content that is flagged as false is either covered with a disclaimer and followed with a fact-check. Its reach (the total number of people who see the content) is also reduced using their algorithms. Users who attempt to share or post fact-checked information are prompted with a notification informing them the information might not be correct. The scale of Meta’s platforms is currently too large for the remove/reduce/inform policy. Elected officials and certain Facebook-approved candidates are exempt from this policy and have been linked to some of the greatest sources of misinformation on the site. | + | |
+ | *in 2016 Facebook has partnered with a third party fact check platform to implement a remove/reduce/inform policy. This means that ad content that is flagged as false is either covered with a disclaimer and followed with a fact-check. Its reach (the total number of people who see the content) is also reduced using their algorithms. Users who attempt to share or post fact-checked information are prompted with a notification informing them the information might not be correct. The scale of Meta’s platforms is currently too large for the remove/reduce/inform policy. Elected officials and certain Facebook-approved candidates are exempt from this policy and have been linked to some of the greatest sources of misinformation on the site. | ||
+ | [[File:trustindicator.jpeg|500px]] | ||
*Twitter has established a fact-checking policy that applies to information that could alter confidence in democratic elections, but does not have a widespread fact-checking program. They are currently working on launching a program that will ask users who try to retweet articles they have not opened and read if they are sure they want to retweet it <ref>Barbaro, Michael, host. “Jack Dorsey on Twitter’s Mistakes.” The Daily, NYT, 7 Aug. 2020.</ref> | *Twitter has established a fact-checking policy that applies to information that could alter confidence in democratic elections, but does not have a widespread fact-checking program. They are currently working on launching a program that will ask users who try to retweet articles they have not opened and read if they are sure they want to retweet it <ref>Barbaro, Michael, host. “Jack Dorsey on Twitter’s Mistakes.” The Daily, NYT, 7 Aug. 2020.</ref> | ||
*YouTube also has a fact-checking policy against information that could alter confidence in democratic elections. They have also introduced fact-check panels to debunk popular false claims (i.e. conspiracy theories). However, this policy overall has not been enforced. | *YouTube also has a fact-checking policy against information that could alter confidence in democratic elections. They have also introduced fact-check panels to debunk popular false claims (i.e. conspiracy theories). However, this policy overall has not been enforced. | ||
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=== Hacked Content === | === Hacked Content === | ||
All platforms have very strict policies banning publication of hacked materials on their platform. Hacked materials are considered stolen, forged, or manipulated documents. | All platforms have very strict policies banning publication of hacked materials on their platform. Hacked materials are considered stolen, forged, or manipulated documents. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Conclusion== | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references/> | <references/> |
Revision as of 18:43, 26 January 2022
Fact checking is the process of investigating an issue or information in order to verify the facts. The process of fact-checking has become more and more relevant in the discussion of the roles that major social media companies have as news sources. According to a survey in 2018, over two-thirds of Americans get some of their news from social media. They reported that 43% of Americans get their news from Facebook, 21% from YouTube, and 12% from Twitter [1]. While the process of fact-checking the information you are exposed to has always been a part of the discussion (i.e. using reliable sources, researching the author(s), etc.) there is now discussion surrounding who is responsible for fact checking information online? Is it the responsibility of the user to ensure their information comes from a reliable source or is is the responsibility of platforms that share this information (i.e. Facebook, Twitter, Google etc.)? Fact-checking is important because exposure to misinformation can greatly influence people’s opinion and in turn their actions.
There are different types of information on the internet that might be fact-checked. Misinformation is incorrect or misleading information[2]. Misinformation is unique in the regards that the information is spread by people who don’t know the information is false. An example of misinformation is “fake news”. Many people share fake news without knowing that it is fake, but they share it because it catches their attention and is interesting. Disinformation is the spreading of false information knowing that it is false[3].
Contents
History
Rise of Fact-Checking
The rise of the internet in the early 2000's allowed people to get their information from a wide variety of sources. People no longer had to rely on their newspapers or radios to get their news. The growth of online platforms created many concerns such as a concentration of power in the hands of a few large media companies, or the growing likeliness for user's to get trapped in echo chambers or filter bubbles. An echo chamber or filter bubble is when people get isolated from opposing perspectives and viewpoints. People tend to look for information that confirms their current beliefs, not information that challenges it. This meant that either people needed to fact-check the information they were exposed to for accuracy or that the distributors (i.e. social media platforms) are responsible for monitoring the accuracy of information posted on their sites or notifying users that it might not be correct.
2016 US Election
The term "fake news" became exponentially popular during the 2016 Presidential Election. After the election, and Donald Trump's victory, there was much debate about the impact social media as news platforms and the spreading of "fake news" and misinformation had on the results of the election. Research following the election concluded that fake new stories were shared more frequently than mainstream new stories, many people who are exposed to fake news report their believed it, and that most fake news stories favored Donald Trump over his competitor Hillary Clinton[4]. These conclusions drove leaders in tech, government officials, and users of these platforms to create a solution before the 2020 Presidential election.
Responsibility of Platforms
Third parties such as major social media platforms and government officials are facing pressures to combat the spread of fake news and misinformation. The United States of America both aims to protect the 1st Amendment of Free Speech, but also ensure their people have access to correct information. Until recently, user’s have generally been faced with the responsibility to fact-check their news and evaluate it for truth up until the last couple years. Below is a cross analysis of different third parties policies regarding fact-checking.
Facebook is an online social media and social networking service founded in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg who is still their CEO. Facebook is a part of the Technology Conglomerate known as Meta which includes Instagram and Whatsapp. The policies outlined below apply to all Meta owned applications but Facebook is at the head of the discussion of fact-checking information.
Twitter is a social networking and microblogging platform founded in 2006 by Jack Dorsey. Their CEO is currently Parag Agrawal. 80% of Twitter's user base lies outside the U.S. [5]
YouTube is an online video sharing and social media platform owned by Google. It was founded in 2005. Its CEO is Susan Wojcicki.
Fact-Check Policies
Policy | Facebook/Meta | YouTube/Google | |
---|---|---|---|
Misinformation Policy | Yes | Yes | No |
Hate Speech | |||
Anonymous Accounts | |||
Recommendation Algorithms | |||
Hacked Content |